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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO - DALLAS 
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN & CO., Limited 

LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. 

TORONTO 



MILITARY ENGLISH 

OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE, ORDERS, MESSAGES, AND 

REPORTS FOR USE IN COURSES ALLIED 

TO INSTRUCTION IN MILITARY 

SCIENCE AND TACTICS 



BY 
PERCY WALDRON LONG, Ph.D. 

CAPTAIN AND ADJUTANT. HARVARD R.O.T.C 

ADJUTANT IN THE SCHOOL OF ADJUTANTS, PLATTSBURG 

(NOW SECOND LIEUTENANT, INFANTRY, U.S.A.) 

AND 

FRANK WILSON CHENEY HERSEY, A.M. 

INSTRUCTOR IN ENGLISH IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY 

FIRST LIEUTENANT, HARVARD R.O.T.C. 

** CO-AUTHOR OF ENGLISH COMPOSITION" 






THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

1918 

AU rights reserved 






Copyright, 1918, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Sei up and electrotyped. Published December, 1918. 



DEC il ISI8 



Wnrinooti JPrcss 

J. S. Gushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



'CI.A508509 



PREFACE 

In view of the fact that English Composition has been recognized as one 
-~of the courses of training essential to the soldiers and officers of the United 
States Military Forces, it becomes the duty of English teachers to modify 
their instruction so as to conform to the recommendation made by the War 
Department Committee on Education in the Special Descriptive Circular on 
English (C. b. 6-Sept. 24). The authors have sought to prepare a brief 
book to meet the second of the requirements named in the War Department 
circular — drill in correspondence and report writing and their adaptation 
to the needs of the military organization. 

The most direct purpose which the book will serve is to teach the soldier 
student, or prospective officer, how to write the correspondence, orders, 
messages, and reports which will be required of him, and which he will be 
called upon to understand even if he does not write them. The book gives 
instructions, models, and exercises which cover those parts of paperwork 
which require composition. Throughout the chapters emphasis is laid 
on the essential features of military language, on clearness, brevity, and 
precision. The last chapter contains many famous orders which illustrate 
those qualities of a leader's style which make for the upbuilding of morale. 

For many of the forms used to illustrate operation orders the authors 
express their cordial thanks to members of the French Military Mission, and 
particularly to Captain Andre Morize and Lieutenant R. Coube. Certain 
forms used in recent training were supplied by the courtesy of General M. B. 
Stewart and Colonel Edward Croft. The field messages, reports, and diary 
are censored documents from an American Machine Gun Company, written 
during the third German offensive this spring. For permission to use them, 
the authors are indebted to Major Herbert C. Earnshaw, now Commanding 
Officer of the Columbia Unit, S. A. T. C. 

Harvard University, 
12 October, 1918. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I The Principles of Military English .... 1 

II Official Correspondence ....... 8 

III Soldiers' Letters Home 22 

IV Administrative Orders and Memoranda .... 32 
V Field Orders 42 

VI Operation Orders ......... 47 

VII Field Messages . . .67 

VIII Reports 79 

IX Diaries 92 

X Famous Orders and Examples of Martial Eloquence . 97 

List of Abbreviations 113 



VI 



MILITARY ENGLISH 

CHAPTER I 
THE PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY ENGLISit 

r. Three Principles. — A British colonel lecturing to his officers 
on the subject of field messages cautioned them to avoid two words, 
the words " if " and " not." An American major added to these 
words a third which is almost equally objectionable, the word " and." 
Now, the three principles of military English are all illustrated in 
this advice to avoid the words " if," " not," " and." 

2. Precision. — The first of these principles is precision. Any 
message must give its information, and any order must give its com- 
mand, so precisely that the reader of it will be certain to understand. 
The word " if " sets him guessing. " If the enemy attempts a 
raid . . . " is incomplete unless instructions are given what to do 
in every other conceivable situation. 

3. Clearness. — The second of these principles is clearness. 
More than anywhere else this fundamental principle of all writing 
is essential in military writing. As an officer or non-commissioned 
officer, you will be in charge of men who have only an elementary 
education, men who in a great many instances are of foreign birth 
and still speak habitually a foreign language. They will know only 
the most ordinary words and will understand only the simplest sen- 
tences. The word " not," which changes completely the meaning 
of the rest of the sentence, very often confuses them. It may not 
be written clearly. In the roar of artillery and excitement of action 

B 1 



2 MILITARY ENGLISH 

the reader, hastily glancing at a message, may wholly fail to see it, 
and may be led to do the opposite of what his commander ordered. 

4. Brevity. — The third of these principles is brevity. The sen- 
tences should be brief. The paragraphs should be brief. Time is 
short and brevity prevents confusion. So completely has this prin- 
ciple of brevity become fixed in the army that it permits only one 
short subject in each paragraph, no matter how many paragraphs 
are thereby made necessary. Do not connect two clauses or sen- 
tences by the word " and." By avoiding the word " and " you are 
certain not to run one thing into another, or ramble on when your 
first subject is finished. • 

5. The Habit of Accuracy. — These three principles depend on 
the habit of accuracy, — accuracy in thinking, accuracy in knowing, 
and accuracy in using language. A mistake in time of action will 
be held by every one to be so criminal that there can be no excuse 
for it. Accuracy is not easy under the most favorable conditions, 
and it is immensely more difficult in time of danger and excitement. 
A thoroughly disciplined soldier should be able, during an enemy 
attack, to explain the movement of "Squads Right" without making 
a mistake. A cadet can acquire such a habit of instinctive accuracy 
only as he acquires the habit of instinctive obedience, — by frequent 
disciplinary exercises. Each student writing a composition should 
execute its spelling and punctuation and grammar accurately. He 
should take no chance in using words or sentence forms about which 
he feels uncertain. The inexperienced often regard such accuracy 
as a little and non-essential thing. In the same way they do not 
see the importance of accuracy in the School of the Soldier. Such 
accuracy, however, is the foundation of every other good principle. 
It is considered so fundamental that officers are likely to place most 
emphasis upon it in choosing men whom they consider worthy of 
recommendation . 



THE PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY ENGLISH 3 

6. Structure and Plan. — The structural principles of composi- 
tion — Unity, Coherence, Emphasis — apply with particular force 
to military documents. Orders and reports give definite informa- 
tion about one set of facts ; they arrange their material in an orderly 
way ; and they enforce their points. They are consequently based 
upon plan so solidly that at first sight the plan seems to be annoy- 
ingly rigid. It will be seen, however, that this plan or frame is a 
substantial support to a soldier's writing. Reliance upon It becomes 
second nature, and he can concentrate his attention on the facts to 
be conveyed. For example, all orders concerning operations of 
troops include the following facts, arranged in numbered paragraphs : 

1. Information about the enemy. 

2. The intention of the commander who gives the order and the ends 
which he is aiming to accomplish. 

3. The objectives to be attained, and the movements to be executed by 
the unit to whose leader the order is given. 

4. The place where the commander can be found. 

5. The movements of the neighboring units. 

Messages during combat give information often grouped under five 
headings in regular order, which may be remembered by the formula, 
" Who, When, Where, How, What." ' 

WHO refers to the effectives, the regimental numbers, etc., of the 

enemy. 
WHEN indicates the exact moment when the observation reported was 

made. 
WHERE indicates the place occupied by the enemy's troops. 
HOW refers to his situation and movements. 
WHAT indicates the intentions of the officer sending the report. 

Reports of campaigns written by commanders-in-chief are also con- 
structed according to careful plans, though naturally in these cases 

1 Lt. Col. Paul Azan, The War of Positions, Cambridge, 1917, p. 120. 



4 MILITARY ENGLISH 

the plan depends on the circumstances. Field Marshal Haig in his 
long report on the first Battle of the Somme (1916) begins by stating 
the object of the battle : 

The object of that offensive was threefold : 
(i) To relieve the pressure on Verdun. 

(ii) To assist our allies in the other theatres of war by stopping any 
further transfer of German troops from the western front. 

(iii) To wear down the strength of the forces opposed to lis. 

He then proceeds to show how the operations from July 1 to Novem- 
ber 15 (themselves divided into three phases) brought about these 
objects, and then sums up as follows : 

The three main objects with which we had commenced our offensive in 
July had already been achieved at the date when this account closes. . . . 

Verdun had been relieved, the main German forces had been held on 
the western front, and the enemy's strength had been very considerably 
worn down. 

Any one of these three results is in itself sufficient to justify the Somme 
battle.i 

This is a beautiful example of the architecture of writing. 

7. Paragraphs. — In military documents, more than in other 
kinds of writing, paragraphs should be unified, coherent, and em- 
phatic. Remember that orders and messages have to be read in 
haste, often in an uncomfortable position or when moving, very 
frequently in poor light, in noise, in danger, and in great pain. Under 
these conditions the brain is baffled by ambiguity and is liable to lose 
sight of the full importance of an item unless the importance is brought 
home. If ideas which belong together are widely separated, the 
tired brain lacks the power to rearrange and reunite them. Make 

^ The complete despatch (23 Dec, 1916) is printed in Tlie New York Times Current 
History, Vol. V, No. 6. 



THE PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY ENGLISH 5 

sure, then, that the subject of a paragraph stands out clearly in the 
first words. When you begin a paragraph, say to yourself and your 
prospective reader, " Let's get a clear idea of what we're talking 
about " ; and when you end, " Let's leave this paragraph with a 
clear idea of what we are to do." 

Brevity prevents miscellaneousness and rambling, and insures 
emphasis. In longer reports, paragraphs seldom run to more than 
five or six sentences, and are usually shorter. Each step has a unity 
of its own, and the natural coherence of the facts themselves is so 
close that the reader cannot fail to see the connection. In shorter 
documents, such as orders and field messages, the paragraphs fre- 
quently consist of only one sentence. See pp. 38, 44, 60, 73. 

8. Sentences. — A soldier's sentences should be as neat and trim 
as his uniform. They should be ^Titten with strict attention to 
unity, coherence, and emphasis. Each sentence should be the 
shortest distance possible between periods. Once the soldier forms 
the habit of expressing himself in compact units, he will abhor long, 
stringy, shapeless sentences. As a working rule, compound sen- 
tences with " and " should be split into simple sentences. There 
are, to be sure, some famous military utterances which are compound 
in form, as Cromwell's " Put your trust in God and keep your powder 
dry ! " and Perry's " We have met the enemy and they are ours." 
But the very life of these sentences depends on the fact that two 
dissimilar ideas are suddenly thrown together in a new union which 
ignites an electric spark. Furthermore, these are isolated expres- 
sions and not parts of larger units. 

Clearness demands that the order of words in a sentence should 
make the meaning unmistakable. Swift's dictum " proper words 
in proper places " has special significance in military writing. Make 
sure that modifiers — whether words, phrases, or clauses — are in 
proper places. One of the most dangerous errors is the " dangling 



6 MILITARY ENGLISH 

participle " — the participle that does not modify the subject of the 
main clause. For instance : 

Attacking a section of our advanced trench after a heavy barrage, we 
repulsed the enemy. 

Here " attacking " really modifies " the enemy," not "we." If a 
writer begins with a participle, he must keep looking at the subject- 
matter from the point of view indicated by the participle. This 
sentence should have run : 

Attacking a section of our advanced trench after a heavy barrage, the 
enemy was repulsed. 

In case there are two or more ideas of parallel value, they should 
be cast in parallel constructions. The parallelism in form always 
keeps the ideas more firmly in hand. 

Not parallel : Speed is necessary in order to insure the retention of the 
new position and the victorious troops will also be saved from needless losses. 

Parallel : Speed is necessary in order to insure the retention of the new 
position, and to save the victorious troops from needless losses. 

9. Words. — The words used in military communications must 
be exact and clear. No vague expressions are tolerated. Indefinite 
words and phrases to be avoided are : 

to the right behind daybreak " 

to the left this side as far as possible 

to the front that side as well as you can 

to the rear beyond try to hold 

in front of night time attempt to capture 

Refer to the points of the compass, " north, east, south, west," in- 
stead of using phrases like " to the right," " to the left," " to the 
rear." The terms " right " and " left," however, may be applied 
to individuals or bodies of men, or to the banks of a stream ; in the 



THE PRINCIPLES OF MILITARY ENGLISH 7 

latter case the observer is supposed to be facing downstream. The 
terms " right flank " and " left flank " may be used, for they are 
fixed designations. They apply to the right or left of a command 
when facing the enemy and do not change when the command is re- 
treating. Instead of saying " morning " or " night," give the hour 
and minutes. The French number the hours from 1 to 24, and all 
timetables are arranged on this system. The objection to phrases 
like " try to hold " is that they tend to divide responsibility between 
the commander and his subordinates. 

to. Proper Names. — The names of persons and places must 
always be clearly understood. To minimize the possibility of error, 
geographical names are written or printed in ROMAN CAPITALS. 
When writing orders by hand, you should print out these names in 
capital letters, for your handwriting may prove to be illegible. If 
the pronunciation of a proper name does not conform to the spelling, 
give the phonetic spelling of the local pronunciation in parentheses 
immediately after the name, thus : ST. QLTENTIN (San Kontan), 
OISE (Waz), BAILLEUL (Bayul'). When two or more places on the 
map have the same name, they are distinguished by reference to 
other points. A road is designated by connecting two or more names 
of places on the road with dashes, thus : the ROYE-PERONNE- 
CAMBRAI road. 

11. Aim of the Book. — In the following chapters of this book 
the application of the principles of precision, clearness, and brevity 
will be shown in the forms of writing now usually in the care of a 
platoon leader, especially in military correspondence, orders, field 
messages, and reports. 



CHAPTER II 
OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 

12. Military Letters. — The new soldier, and sometimes the new 
oflScer in these days of speedy promotion, finds himself at a loss when 
confronted with the problem of composing a military letter. His 
ignorance of the proper form may easily betray him and forfeit the 
attention and esteem which correct form almost invariably secures. 
He cannot rely upon receiving this instruction in detail and in clear 
arrangement during the early course of his military training : the 
exigencies of time force concentration on drill and exercise. To 
learn in time he must learn for himself and at once. No attempt is 
made here to treat all the forms and occasions of correspondence : 
these may be found in : 

Army Regulations, Article LX, §§ 775-790. 

Moss's Army Paperwork, Chapter II, pp. 38-110. 

Waldron's Company Administration, Chapter XIV, pp. 102-104. 

Correspondence Model, G. 0. 23, 1912. 

The explanations which follow will suffice for most of the needs of the 
great masses of soldiers and officers. They will be mastered most 
easily by executing the exercises between two readings of the text. 

13. Spacing of the Letter. — A letter of one page — most letters 
should be one short page in length — is divided into three parts. ^ 
The upper third of the sheet will contain nothing but the formal 
letter heading presently to be described. The middle third should 

^ When foolscap is used, it is spared in four parts, for three fohls, and the heading 
occupies only the topmost fourth. 

8 



OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 9 

be sufficient space for the entire contents of the letter, which ought 
usually to be very brief. Each paragraph must be numbered ; the 
numbering must be consecutive (that is, no number may be skipped) ; 
and a blank line must be left between paragraphs. Where a para- 
graph contains several minor items, these will be separated into sub- 
paragraphs with the consecutive lettering — (a), (6), (c), etc. Such 
sub-paragraphs are set in further than the lines above so as to make 
an extra margin of about one-half inch within the paragraph. The 
left margin of the whole letter will be about one inch, and the right 
margiii should be very nearly of the same width. The lower third 
of the sheet will usually contain the signature and leave sufficient 
blank space for indorsements where there is occasion for not more 
than two or three. In case the letter is very short, however, the 
signature follows the contents immediately, leaving no room for 
insertions, which might be made subsequently and perhaps by an- 
other person. Only one side of the paper is used. The number of 
the page, where more than one is used, is placed about one-half inch 
from the bottom and centred. 

14. The Heading. — The letter heading, which fills the upper 
third of the first page, has a form very precisely defined. It con- 
sists of the place and date of writing, the person or office writing, 
the person or office written to (with the proper address), and the 
subject of the letter. Where the letter forms part of an office file, 
it has also a file number. All these items, and no others, must be 
written in a correct heading. 

15. The place of writing occupies the first and second lines, 
usually centred at the top, but permissible in the upper right-hand 
corner. The first line consists of the name of the organization, as 
*'Co. A, Dartmouth Unit, S. A. T. C," or "Hq., Princeton Unit, 
S. A. T. C." It should be noted that smaller organizations than 
regiments do not have headquarters (Hq.) except in the case of bat- 



lU MiLlTAKY J^JNGLISU 

talions detached from the larger bodies of which they form part. A 
detachment from any unit will use as letter heading the abbreviation 
" Det.," as " Det. Co. A," where a part of Co, A has for some purpose 
been separated for special duty from the rest of the company. The 
second line — or, if necessary, the second and third lines — contains 
the ordinary post-office address written as in civilian correspondence. 

16. The date of writing does not differ in form from the dating 
in civilian letters. It is sometimes centred directly under the place 
of, writing, but more usually and more correctly is written to the 
right and one line below. The name of the month is written and 
precedes the day of the month. It is not good usage to abbreviate 
the year. Write 1918 or 1919 (not '18 or '19). 

A model letter heading follows : 

Hq. 1st Training Regiment, S. A. T. C. 
Plattsburg Barracks 

File No. 38. Plattsburg, N. Y. 

Sept. 12, 1918. 
From : Commanding Officer, S. A. T. C. Camp. 
To : The Adjutant General of the Army, Wash., D. C. 

Subject : Recommendations for Commissions in Artillery. 

The words " From," " To," and " Subject " invariably form part 
of the heading of a military letter. They begin with capitals and 
are followed each by a colon. They are placed vertically in the order 
here given, and have a blank line below each. Usually they are 
printed with the letterhead on office stationery (A. R., § 512). 

17. The person or office writing is indicated after the word 
*' From." When the letter concerns a person, as in a report for duty 
or a request for transfer or quarters or furlough, the person's name 
will be used, as " Captain D. J. Hollister, Co. K, 32d Infantry," or 
*' Corporal F. B. Jones, Co. C, 21st Artillery." On the other hand, 
whenever the letter concerns official business of a unit over which 



OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 11 

the writer exercises control, the writer will use not his personal name, 
but the name of the office he holds. He will write " Commanding 
Officer, Co. K, 32d Infantry." The same usage is followed in writ- 
ing checks or money orders. In this way transfers of personnel, 
casualties, or temporary absence do not disturb the routine of official 
business, which passes through the office or orderly room regardless 
of the individual who serves as a medium of communication. 

18. The person or office addressed is indicated after the word 
" To." With regard to the use of the individual's name or the 
name of his office, the same usage prevails as in the case of the 
person or office writing. If the letter concerns the persons addressed, 
as in a rebuke for delay in transmitting a report, use his personal 
name ; if it concerns the organization over which he exercises control, 
address him by the name of his office. This usage applies equally to 
addresses on envelopes. On the same line, and if necessary running 
over on the blank line below, should be placed briefly but clearly the 
post-office address of the person or office you are writing to. Letters 
which require many indorsements pass from office to office, with 
consequent changes of envelope. The envelope address is therefore 
insufficient. Where a letter is not intended to go directly to the person 
addressed, place below the designation of the officer addressed the paren- 
thesis " (Through military channels)." 

19. The subject-matter of the letter is indicated after the word 
*' Subject." This part of the heading must be condensed into a very 
few words, not more than five or six if possible. A single word or a 
phrase of two or three words should be sought. In a large office this 
indication enables the person who opens the mail to refer a letter to 
the individual who as a matter of routine attends to any given type 
of communication. In any case it enables the reader at once to class 
the letter with reference to (1) the necessity of immediate action, 
(2) its connection with past communications. 



12 MILITARY ENGLISH 

As an exercise in composition this selection of the heading re- 
sembles choosing a title. Every military letter is required to consist 
of one subject and of one subject only. The ease or difficulty of 
finding a name for the subject-matter of a letter usually proves cr 
disproves the unity of its contents. This principle of unity, im- 
portant in all forms of composition, is here of the utmost importance. 
Army business, as well as troops, moves in units. Most often when 
units are mingled in a single letter, they pertain to the work of dif- 
ferent persons ; one of them consequently goes astray and is not 
attended to. The teacher of composition should, therefore, re- 
peatedly emphasize the importance of unity and secure it in his 
pupil's composition by frequent exercises, particularly exercises of 
condensation (precis writing) and the separation of confused ma- 
terial into logical parts. 

20. The file number will be used in orderly rooms and offices, 
where records or files of correspondence are invariably maintained 
(see Waldron's Company Administration, Chapter XIV, p. 102). It 
is placed in the heading at the upper left-hand corner as indicated 
in the model on page 20. The numbering of each file must be con- 
secutive. It does not include letters of a personal nature, but solely 
those affecting the organization as a unit. That is to say, a personal 
letter written by the captain of Co. K does not form part of the Co. K 
file, though it may form part of the Adjutant General's files. The 
numbering of a file begins with the beginning of an organization. 
A new series of numbers begins with each calendar year. 

21. Contents of a Letter. — The general appearance of the con- 
tents of a letter has been described in § L3. Also, the requirement 
that " an official letter should refer to one subject only " (A. i?., 
§ 775) has been explained in § 19. The writer must be cautioned 
at once that the salutation and the complimentary close of civilian 
correspondence are never used. " Dear Sir," " My dear Colonel," 



OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 13 

*' Very truly yours," " Respectfully yours " will occur only in letters 
interchanged with civilians. Ceremonial forms have no place in 
military correspondence. 

In civil life letters are written without need of any permission 
from a superior. It is not so in the army. Every oiSBcial letter is 
written under and according to the order or regulation by which 
occasion or permission is afforded the writer. And this order or 
regulation should be stated in the first paragraph of the letter. Thus 
a subordinate addressing his superior will begin according to such 
forms tls follow : 

1. In compliance with S. O. No. — , Hq. S'^d Regt., Camp — — , Louis- 
ville, Ky., Nov. 2, 1918, I submit herein .... 
1. Under the provisions of ^. 7^., § — . . . . 
1. According to the verbal instructions of Lieut. Col 

The use of abbreviations and hj^phens, as in the preceding ex- 
amples, is not according to the best usage, that of the Adjutant 
General's Department, but is very common. A table of ordinary 
abbreviations will be found on page 113. 

22. Divisions of the Subject. — A letter on one subject may 
be divisible into several equal parts. Let us suppose that a number 
of men in an S. A. T. C. unit are to be taken into a government 
cantonment for a short period of special training in the division 
schools, the purpose being that they may transmit this instruction 
throughout the S. A. T. C. unit. A letter concerning this oppor- 
tunity might well refer to the time and place of arrival, the duration 
of their stay, the regulations governing it, the cost of maintenance, 
and other items. Each item should be clearly placed in its ap- 
propriate paragraph so that it forms a definite unit, and these units 
stand in logical arrangement. The lessons in planning as given in 
usual courses in composition are for this purpose especially valuable. 



14 MILITARY ENGLISH 

23. The general style of military letters differs markedly from 
the styles used in social and business correspondence. It is business- 
like in its directness and brevity. It is courteous in the avoidance 
of unnecessary severity. The writer will not " call your attention 
to " unless he wishes to rebuke you ; he will " invite your attention." 
Similarly, such words as " request," or " suggest," are to be in- 
terpreted as definite orders politely expressed. But military corre- 
spondence should be devoid of all ingratiating elements or suavity. 
Flattery — indeed, any compliments of a personal natur^ — are to be 
scrupulously avoided. Self-interest and playing upon the personal 
interests of others must be suppressed. Therefore, a military letter 
will come directly to the point, stating its purpose clearly. 

Consider the following example : 

From : Private J. R. Smith, Co. G, Yale Unit, S. A. T. C. 

To : Commanding Officer. 

Subject : Personal Transfer to Another Company. 

1. I request that I be transferred from Co. G to Co. D. 

2. I wish to be placed with my friends. 

Here neither the brevity nor the directness is at fault. In these 
respects the letter is exemplary. The request, however, will probably 
not be granted since it rests on improper grounds. The American 
Army is a unit, and all of its members friends, knowing no sectional 
divisions. The building up of esprit and morale demands such an 
impersonal stand. Were Private Smith's application based on the 
fact that he is an experienced company clerk, that Co. D. has none, 
and Co. G. has two, the transfer he requests, if the facts were sub- 
stantiated, would probably be granted. 

24. Signature. — The signature is placed immediately below the 
last line of subject-matter and on the right-hand side of the page. It 
varies according to the nature of the heading. Official communica- 



OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 15 

tions will be signed with the pen and not by facsimile. In case the 
rank and military unit of the writer appear in the heading, his signa- 
ture will consist simply of his name. Thus, a letter headed " From : 
Corporal R. H. Flower, Co. F, 32d Inf." will be signed simply "R. H. 
Flower." It is a rule, therefore, that in personal letters the rank and 
regiment (or corps) should not be added to an officer's or soldier's 
signature unless he needs to establish his identity. When so added, 
it should be placed in parenthesis. 

In official letters, however, the name of the office does not dis- 
close Tiecessarily the rank of an individual. The " Commanding 
Officer, Co. K," may be a captain or a lieutenant. Though on duty 
with an infantry training unit, he may be commissioned in the cavalry. 
His signature will then include, immediately below his name, both 
his rank and branch of the service, as " 1st Lt., Art." or '* Lt. Col., 
Ret." Sometimes there will appear, on a third line immediately 
below, the designation of a staff office, as " Adjutant " or " Personnel 
Officer." A signature for a superior officer in his absence indicates 
that fact, as " Arthur E. Green, Col., Gen. Staff, in absence of the 
Division Commander." 

25. Folding the Letter. — Letter paper is invariably folded in 
three equal folds. The top crease is made with the writmg outward. 
The lower crease is made with the writing inward. Thus the heading 
(called brief) is exposed to view, and on the other side tlie official 
mark or office stamp should be seen. [At present, the stamp is by 
custom usually imprinted on the lower left front of the last page, but 
is correctly placed on the lower back of the first.] \ATien the letter 
consists of more than one page, the second and subsequent pages are 
folded with the first, but the lowest fold is then tucked into the top 
crease. This system of folding makes visible the lower back of the 
first page. Letters on foolscap are folded in four and show either 
the brief or the office mark according to the special purpose in view. 



16 MILITARY ENGLISH 

26. Enclosures. — The number of enclosures, where there are 
any, is stated at the lower left-hand corner, as "2 Ends.," 
" 5 Ends." 

27. Envelopes. — Addresses on envelopes follow, as regards their 
contents, the usage of the letter heading. The official envelope, 
which must be used only for government business, indicates in the 
upper left corner a space for the name and address of the sender which 
should correspond to the heading " From " within, — followed on a 
line or lines below with the place of writing (or address to which the 
communication should be returned). The address to which the 
letter is to be sent corresponds to the heading " To " within. Custom 
now favors beginning the lines of this address so that they form a 
vertical column on the left. 

The permanent address of all officers and soldiers is ''In care of The 
Adjutant General of the Army, War Department, Washingtoii, D. C" 

A single envelope, sealed, will ordinarily be used, except that 
none is required for communications within the same office. But 
confidential communications must be enclosed in both an inner and 
an outer envelope. The inner covering may be either a sealed 
wrapper or an envelope addressed in the usual way but plainly 
marked " Confidential." This envelope will then be placed in 
another sealed wrapper or envelope addressed as usual. The 
outer covering bears no sign of the confidential nature of the 
contents. 

28. Copies. — Copies should be kept of all letters, telegrams, or 
other official communications. Three copies (original and two 
carbons) will often suffice : a retain copy for the writer, a retain 
copy for the person addressed, and the original to be returned 
with its indorsement. In many cases, however, several offices 
have to take action on the letter, and each office will require a 
retain copy. 



OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 17 

Address No. of Copies 

Company Commander 3 

Bn. Commander 4> 

Reg't Commander ......... 4 

Reg't Commander (through Bn.) .... 5 

29. Channels of Communication. — The written communications 
of the army are so many that every item should be addressed with 
the most scrupulous care to the proper person. * Moreover, in order 
that it shall be fully authorized and claim his official consideration, 
it must be so addressed as to reach him in the proper way. Other- 
wise endless delays and a great deal of extra correspondence may be 
caused, and the writer may ultimately be unable to secure any at- 
tention whatever. 

" Communications, whether from a subordinate to a superior, 
or vice versa, will pass through intermediate commanders." (A. R., 
§ 783.) This regulation applies equally to verbal and written com- 
munications. It must be remembered, however, that the platoon is 
a tactical unit, and not an administrative unit. Letters within a 
regiment will almost invariably be administrative and not tactical. 

Correspondence relating to personnel, discipline, equipment, or 
instruction of a company (or battery or troop) will pass through the 
battalion (or squadron) commander. No official record is kept, and 
in practice such papers are forwarded without other indorsement 
than the battalion commander's initials with or without the word 
"Approved" (or " Appd."). Comments may be made verbally 
or on an attached paper. (A. R., § 245 and Changes No. 23.) 

The writer of a letter when he is not replying to a communication 
or carrying out instructions — in either of which cases his course 
has been indicated — will ordinarily address his immediate com- 
mander. Thus, the soldier will usually address the " Comnianding 
Officer " of his company, and the officer will usually address the 
c 



18 MILITARY ENGLISH 

" Commanding Officer " of his regiment. In other cases he will 
usually address " The Adjutant General of the Army." Such com- 
munications may, of course, never reach the officer to whom they are 
addressed. The first sergeants in companies and the adjutants in 
regiments are often empowered to dispose of the usual routine cases 
after methods of procedure have been laid down by their commanding 
officers. The Adjutant General probably could not read in a life- 
time his correspondence of one month. 

30. Indorsements. — Every officer through whom as a channel 
a communication passes is required to express his opinion of the 
subject-matter (A. R., § 786), unless the subject is such that he can 
have no control. If the writer is an enlisted man, the officer im- 
mediately in charge of him should verify his statements and in the 
indorsement state that he has done so. If interlineations are made, 
they must be initialed by the person who makes them. 

The indorsement has a form quite as definitely prescribed as that 
of the letter. Observe the following indorsement : 

Second Indorsement 

Co. K, 32d Inf. Piatt. Bks., N. Y., Aug. 14, 1918. To the Commanding Officer, 
Piatt. Bks. 
1. Forwarded with approval. 

(1 End. added) J. G. Hollister, 

3 Ends. Captain, S'^d Infantry. 

Indorsements have the same width as the lines of the letter. The 
first begins one-half inch below the rank in the signature of the writer 
of the letter. About one-half inch is left between indorsements. The 
number of the indorsement, place, date, and person addressed will 
be written. Indorsements in the nature of routine are signed by 
initials only. The total number of enclosures will be indicated in 
each indorsement, and in parenthesis any that have been added or 



OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 19 

withdrawn by the officer indorsing. The space left vacant below 
each indorsement is used to indicate receipt, as " Rec'd [or Rec'd 
back] Northeastern Dept., Nov. 10, 1918." 

31. Model Letters. — The following reduced models of letters 
are spaced according to the requirements stated on page 8. The 
broken lines must not be made on a letter ; they indicate here the 
places where such a letter should be folded. (See page 15.) It must 
not be supposed that letters are confined to one or two paragraphs ; 
they often contain five or more ; and the paragraphs not infre- 
quently contain as many as twenty lines. Such letters, however, 
usually come from above. Pascal once added apologetically : " Ex- 
cuse me for writing a long letter ; I had no time to write a short 
one." Be advised : take time, write a short one. 

Hq. Harvard Unit, S. A. T. C. 
Cambridge, Mass. 

October 10, 1918. 
From : 2d Lt. James W. Hollis, Inf. 

To : The Adjutant General of the Army, Wash., D. C. 

Subject : Personal Report. 

1. In compliance with S. O. 32, Hq. Plattsburg Barracks, Plattsburg, 
N. Y., Oct. 6, 1918, I submit the following personal report : 
(a) My full name is James Warton Hollis. 
(6) My rank is Second Lieutenant Infantry. 

(c) The time of my reporting for duty is 10.30 a.m. Thursday. 
October 10, 1918. 

James W. Hollis 
2d Lt. Inf. 



20 MILITARY ENGLISH 

32. Letter with Indorsement 

File No. 4 Company K, S^d Infantry, 

Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y., 
August 23, 1918. 
From : Commanding Officer, Co. K, 32d Infantry. 
To : Commanding Officer, 32d Infantry. 

Subject : Recommendation of students for commissions. 

1. In compliance with Memo. #14 H. Q. S. A. T. C. Camp, Plattsburg 
Barracks, N. Y., August 21, 1918, 1 recommend the following named students 
as qualified to be commissioned as second lieutenants : 

Sergeants : James W. Barclay, Horace C. Graham, Sumner Johnson. 
Corporals : Frank L. Newcomb, John R. Partridge. 

2. These men were all present throughout the camp held in June. 

J. D. Hollister, 
Captain, 32d Infantry. 



First Indorsement 

Hq. 32d Inf., Piatt. Bks., N. Y., Aug. 26, 1918. — To C. O., Co. K, 32d Inf. 

1. Returned. 

2. Recommendations will indicate the arm of the service for which each 
candidate is best fitted. 

By order of the Commanding Officer : 
J. E. Dunton 

Adjutant 

EXERCISES 

1. A required Personal Report from the student to the Adjutant, con- 
taining (a) full name, (6) age in years and months, (c) home address, (d) any 
occupation in which he has engaged productivel3^ 

2. A Company Commander in an S. A. T. C. unit is required to submit 
a list of men whom he recommends for a headquarters company about to be 



OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE 21 

formed, with Indication of their special qualifications. Write his communica- 
tion in reply. 

3. Corporal Thomas H. Piper is S. O. L. While seeing his best girl 
home, he was delayed by a trolley breakdown and became A W O L. His first 
sergeant puts him on K. P. the second time in one week and refuses him 
week-end leave. He asks to have his Company Commander pass on this and 
is later told by the first sergeant that the Company Commander approves of 
the punishment. Corporal Piper determines to push the matter further. 
Write the correspondence which ensues. Do not write duplicate copies, but 
indicate the number as in the case of enclosures. 

• 4. One day "^d Lt. Push conceives the idea of a local conference of 
S. A. T. C. company officers. He mentions it at mess to his CO., who 
approves and easily gains the approval of the C. O.'s of two other S. A. T. C. 
units who happen to be messing with him. Write four sample letters of the 
correspondence which ensues. 

[Examples of such letters are : 
Letters of invitation and reply. 
Letters ordering supplies. 
Letters transmitting resolutions.] 

5. A letter requesting a furlough with the reasons therefor. 
G. A letter requesting a transfer into another branch of the service. 
7. A lieutenant is required to submit a schedule for the training of a 
company for the ensuing week. 



CHAPTER III 

SOLDIERS' LETTERS HOME 

33. A Writing Army. — The letters which soldiers write home 
are not like ordinary letters ; they take on the character of the epoch 
from which they spring. They are precious souvenirs of affection 
to kindred and friends ; they are missives of amity between nations ; 
and they are records for posterity. A striking fact in this great 
struggle to preserve civilization is that our army is a reading and a 
writing army. It is by letters giving details of what the soldier sees 
and feels in battle, expressing his spirit and personality, sketching 
the tragedies and humors and heroisms of war that the soul of the 
conflict will be revealed to the future. 

34. Censorship. — One of the routine duties of the platoon 
leader is to censor the letters of his men. The purpose of this censor- 
ship is not only to discover traces of disloyalty — for it is necessary 
to take no chances in battling for life and liberty — but to prevent 
thoughtless statements escaping which might have for the enemy a 
significance which the writer never dreamed of. Careful regulations 
provide that the soldier shall not indicate where he is stationed or to 
what organization he belongs. It is equally important that he should 
not give the regiment or corps of a German prisoner. He must 
scrupulously avoid all mention of unusual activities such as precede 
an attack, for he cannot safely reckon on his letter reaching America 
before it is read by the enemy's spies. It is best for him to deal with 
events of several days ago rather than of the immediate past. Ma- 
terial for letters is so rich and varied in the present war that a soldier 

22 



SOLDIERS' LETTERS HOME 23 

has plenty to write about without giving away any mihtary secrets 
which might be valuable to the enemy. Personal news, the informa- 
tion that he is well, and other information that will relieve his family 
and friends of anxiety will naturally come first to his mind. The 
bewildering new life in the army, the reception by our Allies, im- 
pressions of foreign cities and people, days and nights in the trenches, 
modern warfare, marches and billets, hand-to-hand combats, opinions 
of the enemy, — here is enough to keep the most eager pen busy. 

The platoon leader should not regard his task as solely that of an 
expurgator, for this would tend to reduce the correspondence of his 
command to tame, dispirited monotony. He should point out to 
his men ways in which they can make their letters more interesting. 
Let him encourage Private X to write about such and such a story. 
Let him incite them all to write good letters so that in after years 
they may rejoice in reading them to their grandsons and live over 
again the great days of their youth. 

35. Vividness. — A soldier's private letters should be vivid, 
spontaneous, and cheerful. Here is the opportunity for that self- 
expression which every man feels the need of when he has been ex- 
periencing strange new adventures on land and sea. A man must 
spin a yarn : a letter is his chance, for the fireside where the home 
fires are burning is thousands of miles away. Make the letter vivid. 
Develop a sense for picturesque details, and find words which shall 
make them live before your reader's eye. Remember, however, that 
good description is not entirely a matter of sight : sound, smell, 
touch, and taste all play their part. In this description of a shell 
bursting at night, written by an officer in the Royal Engineers, note 
the effective use of color, and the variety of sounds : 

Night — and a working-party stretching away over a ploughed field are 
digging a communication trench. The great green flares lob up half a mile 
away ; a watery moon shines on the bleak scene. Suddenly a noise like the 



24 MILITARY ENGLISH 

tired sigh of some great giant, a scorching sheet of flame that leaps at you 
out of the darkness, searing your very brain, so close does it s.em ; the ping 
t)f death past your head ; the clatter of shovel and pick next you as a muttered 
curse proclaims a man is hit; a voice from down the line: "Gawd! Old 
Ginger's took it. 'Old up, mate. Say, blokes. Ginger's done in!" Aye — 
it's worse at night. ^ 

One of the most vivid descriptions of flying occurs in a letter by 
Victor Chapman of the Escadrille Lafayette, who was killed while 
going to the rescue of Lufberry and Norman Prince : 

Over the field we soared, and due east for B . Twelve, sixteen, 

nineteen, twenty-two, twenty-four hundred metres — mounting well at one 
thousand one hundred and eighty turns. The earth seemed hidden under a 
fine web such as the Lady of Shalott wove ; soft purple in the west changing 
to shimmering white in the east. LTnder me on the left, the Vosges, like 
rounded sand dunes cushioned up with velvety light and dark mosses (really 
forests). But to the south, standing firmly above the purple cloth-like ice- 
bergs shone the Al])s. My ! they looked steep and jagged. The sharp blue 
shadows on their western slopes emphasized the effect. One mighty group 
standing aloof to the West — Mont Blanc, perhaps. Ah, there are quantities 
of worm-eaten fields — my friends, the trenches, — and that town with the 

canal going through it must be M . Right beside the capote of my engine, 

shining through the white silk cloth, a silver snake: the Rhine! "What, 
not over quarter to six, and I left the field at five ! Thirty-two hundred 
metres. Let's gf) north and have a look at the map. Boo, my feet are 
getting cold !" 

While thus engaged "Trun-un-ng-tss" — a black i)uff of smoke ap- 
peared behind my tail, and I had the impression of having a piece of iron 
hiss by. "Must have got my range, first shot!" I surmised, and making a 
steep bank, piqufd heavily. "There, I've lost them now!" The whole 
art of avoiding shells is to j^ay no attention till they get your range, and then 
dodge away, change altitude, and generally avoid going in a straight line. 

^ "Sapper," Men, Women, and Guns, London, 1916, p. 2;^. 



SOLDIERS' LETTERS HOME 25 

In point of fact, I could see bunches of exploding shells up over my right 
shoulder, now a kilometre off.^ 

This passage is remarkable for its appeal to various senses. It il- 
lustrates another important factor in good description, — the skilful 
maintenance of the point of view. Chapman paints the earth as it 
looks from a great height and never allows us to forget that we are 
high in the air : " the Vosges, like rounded sand dunes " ; " worm- 
eaten fields — the trenches " ; "a silver snake : the Rhine." 

36. The Value of Description. — Do not suppose that description 
is merely one of the arts of peace. It is indeed bound up with the 
art of war. A soldier must train his eye to be keen. He must not 
only shoot straight, but draw straight. He must make accurate 
maps and sketches of the terrain. The relation between drawing 
and writing is very close. Eden Phillpotts, whose descriptions of 
Dartmoor are famous, makes pencil sketches of the scenes of his 
novels. " The sketches are short-hand notes," he writes. " Thus 
I teach myself, and by observing as closely as is necessary to draw, 
win a few facts sometimes worth using in my own medium of words. 
My scenery is all painted in the open air." The well-known com- 
parison of the Bay of Monterey to a bent fishing-hook was made by 
a soldier — General Sherman, and, as Stevenson says, " shows the eye 
of a soldier for topography^" Practice in description is one of the 
best ways by which a soldier can develop keenness of sight. 

37. Narration. — Ability to picture things vividly, moreover, 
adds to the reality of a narrative, and the vast majority of letters 
are narratives. It is well to bear in mind the essentials of good 
narrative writing : (1) generous development of a situation, (2) prepa- 
ration for effects to come, or " motivation," (3) climax, (4) setting, 
(5) characters, (6) dialogue, and (7) style. Take this brief episode 

^ The Harvard Volunteers in Europe, Cambridge, 1916, p. 232. 



26 MILITARY ENGLISH 

from a letter of Trooper S. Cargill, writing during the retreat 
from Mons : 

I saw one ghastly affair. A German cavahy division was pursuing our 
retiring infantry when we were let loose on them. When they saw us com- 
ing they turned and fled, at least all but one, who came rushing at us with 
his lance at the charge. I caught hold of his horse, which was half mad 
with terror, and my chum was going to run the rider through when he noticed 
the awful glaze in his eyes and we saw that the poor devil was dead.^ 

How swiftly and dramatically he tells the story ! He prepares for 
his effects, he stimulates our curiosity, he puts in details — - few, 
but each charged with pictorial power, — and he brings us up to a sharp 
climax. Here is another incident skilfully told, this time by a British 
Naval Lieutenant who was in the action off Heligoland : 

The most romantic, dramatic, and piquant episode that modern war can 
ever show. The Defender, having sunk an enemy, lowered a whaler to pick 
up her swimming survivors ; before the whaler got back an enemy's cruiser 
came up and chased the Defender, and thus she abandoned her whaler. 
Imagine their feelings — alone in an open boat without food, *25 miles from 
the nearest land, and that land the enemy's fortress, with nothing but fog 
and foes around them. Suddenlj^ a swirl alongside and up, if j^ou please, 
pops his Britannic Majesty's submarine E4, opens his conning tower, takes 
them all on board, shuts up again, dives, and brings them home 250 miles ! 
Is not that magnificent.'* No novel would dare face the critics with an 
episode like that in it, except, perhaps, Jules Verne ; and all true ! ^ 

38. Dialogue. — Bits of dialogue make the human voice ring 
in our ears. Whenever you can, record striking remarks not only 
because they give flavor to your letters, but because only the re- 
corded sayings will live for the future. How grateful we are to hear 
the words reported in these extracts : 

^ In the Firing Line, London, 1914, p. 136, 
2 In the Firing Line, p. 104. 



SOLDIERS' LETTERS HOME 27 

1 

Your son was killed on the morning of Sept. 25 while supporting an 
attack. He was magnificent. I heard the men talking of him among them- 
selves. They say he was laughing and chatting all the time, and did them 
a world of good. Then the order came to go to the front line. His platoon 
was the first to move. "Hooray, we're going up, lads; come along," he 
shouted. He led them all the way and got into the trench safely, but almost 
immediately afterward he received a bullet in the chest. 

He was splendid to the last, and his farewell words were : "Well, cheer-oh, 
lads !" His example has been most inspiring to all of us. 

2 

We passed through the remnant of a place called Porquericourt. An old 
woman came to a broken doorway. 

Her three daughters had been with her at the farm the night that the 
Germans retired. They had fled with her to the house of a friend, from 
where they saw their own home of a lifetime in flames. The girls were 19, 
21, and 24 years old. The Germans had found them in Porquericourt and 
had taken them away. That was eight days before. She had heard noth- 
ing of them since. All other young women had likewise vanished that night 
when the Germans went away. 

She told her story simply, in a low unfailing voice. But she shuddered 
as she spoke of her daughters. I said to her : 

"The next day after the Germans had gone how did it seem to see French 
soldiers appear.?" 

She replied : "It was such a feeling that it is impossible to describe, with 
an emotion of joy, monsieur, tliat is beyond words." 

I asked another question : 

"And how do you feel now — husband, brother, sons, and daughters all 
gone and you left here alone ? " 

I shall never forget the sight of her gray head. She looked up into my 
eyes and replied : 

"To-day, monsieur, I am with France — and I have confidence." ^ 

1 Philip Gibbs, Letter of March 27, 1917. 



28 MILITARY ENGLISH 

39. Cheerfulness. — In fair days and foul, be cheerful. No 
matter how gloomy or depressing the immediate situation may be, 
smile in your letters. The cheerful soldier is the best soldier. General 
Pershing cables, " Send me singing soldiers." Now a chat with the 
folks at home will hearten a man himself and it will also hearten 
them. They are thrilled with pride when they get rousing letters 
from their lads at the front and redouble their efforts to buy Liberty 
Bonds or to " carry on." The challenge of Germany to us was not 
that we couldn't fight, but that we couldn' t mobilize our resources. 
When America entered the war, the German General Staff made 
this curt announcement to the German people : " There is nothing 
to fear from America. Being a democracy, America cannot organ- 
ize her resources to the extent necessary for waging a modern war." 
The Huns in their arrogance believe this. It is an American soldier's 
duty to strengthen not only his own morale, but the morale of the 
folks back home so that his brothers-in-arms on the farms, in the 
ship-yards, in the mines and in the munition plants may give the lie 
to the German taunt. Here is a letter which is admirable both for 
its good spirits and its feeling of fellowship with our Allies. It comes 
from Corporal R. E. Dowdell of the 14th Engineers, A. E. F. 

Back home one cannot realize the vastness of this world war. Even in 
England, with the exception of the lack of young men, no one, unless an eye- 
witness, can imagine the waste, the cruelty, the sacrifice, and the terror that 
this mechanical war carries with it. 

America has just started. The advent of our participating in this con- 
flict has considerable moral effect on all nations involved. Never in the 
history of the American people have their troops received such a splendid, 
enthusiastic reception as did our regiment and three others in London on 
August 15. Stamped in the faces of the women and old men who madly 
cheered us during our four-mile march through the principal streets was 
half, no, three-quarters sorrow, and the remainder relief. Relief, that at 



SOLDIERS' LETTERS HOME 29 

last an ally of unlimited wealth had started in to assist in the extermination 
of the war. Let no one convince you that England, or rather the British, 
as all Britons fight this war, do not know hospitality. An x\merican recep- 
tion could be no more enthusiastic than that tendered our troops. 

It must be remembered that the four regiments that paraded in London 
that Wednesday were the first troops of a foreign nation, ally or enemy, to 
land in England under arms, for centuries. 

We were received by King George and Queen Dowager Alexandra. 
Dinner was served the regiment on the Buckingham Palace grounds. 

In France, however, a different reception awaited us. One that made 
brea tiling difficult and eyes misty. Sad faces of those who suffered, morally, 
physically, and financially, forced smiles to their lips and cheers from their 
throats to welcome the first volunteers from America. They have all suffered 
beyond description. My pen, or that of the greatest writer, could never 
bring out that dead, appealing look in the French civilians' eyes, especially 
those of the women. . . . 

Picture yourself standing on a pile of broken plaster and brick, with 
your poncho dripping wet and your hat brim bending down while a regiment 
of British Tommies just out of the trenches march past towards a street 
car singing "Smile, Smile, Smile." Can you imagine a thousand mud- 
stained, unkempt men singing "smile" after eight months of trench work? 
I can, for I stood on that wet, sticky brick pile and watched them march 
past. 

It seemed unbelievable at first, but as time wears on and I become 
acclimated to these customs, I can accustom myself to their mood. It is 
something like this : "I'm here — he's there — my pal's there, and Fritz is 
getting a little more than us." 

It is a day's work with these Tommies. They admit the German ability 
to fight, but at the same time they convince you that they are just as good. 
And they are. So it's "Smile, Smile, Smile" in face of hardships, hunger, 
and cold. It's "Smile, Smile, Smile" whether it's "over the top" or fatigue 
back of the lines, but it's a few extra smiles when it is "Blighty." 

"Blighty " is London, the soldier's paradise. "Blighty," where a soldier's 
money is not spendable, and good cheer and warmth and real food await. . . . 



30 MILITARY ENGLISH 

Even the British oflScers are cordial towards the American troops. 
Yesterday a captain and a lieutenant were standing at a crossroad as I 
passed. They hailed me with, "Well, corporal, what do you think of it?" 

I saluted, and for over an hour we talked of the war. We could see the 
shells bursting in the distance, and thej^ explained that Fritz was searching 
for a 5-inch battery which had shelled a crossroad all day. A German 
trench was just below our feet, half filled with water and supported by 
timbers. Before and behind it were barbed and fish wire entanglements. 
It was then I learned the horrors of "over the top." 

The wire was not over eight inches from the ground, concealed in the 
grass. Before a charge, the artillery shelled the wire all day and night, 
tearing pathways through it. 

"We go over the top," the British captain explained, "and it is not very 
pleasant picking your way through the pathways with Herr Fritz popping 
at you with a machine gun." 

I granted this to be true. They are cool, these British officers. They 
told me of a captain who alone captured 80 Germans. They were in a tunnel 
trench, and with a machine gun, single-handed, he invited them to surrender, 
thusly : 

"All who wish to surrender may signify in the usual manner." He got 
a D. S. 0.1 

40. Deep Feeling. — Often a soldier feels so deeply the great 
purposes of this war that his words become eloquent. Such letters 
are filled with the inspiration of victory and will be cherished by the 
generations to come. One of the most eloquent letters of the war 
was written by Lieut. Harry Butters, an American serving in the 
British Royal Field Artillery, who has since been killed in France : 

I am no longer untried. Two weeks' action in a great battle is to my 
credit, and if my faith in the wisdom of my course or my enthusiasm for the 
cause had been due to fail, it would have done so during that time. But it 
has only become stronger; I find myself a soldier among millions of others 

^ Our Service, Boston, October, 1917. 



SOLDIERS' LETTERS HOME 31 

in the great allied armies, fighting for all I believe right and civilized and 
humane against a power which is evil and which threatens the existence of 
all the right we prize and the freedom we enjoy. 

It may seem to you that for me this is all quite uncalled for, that it can 
only mean either the supreme sacrifice for nothing, or at best some of the 
best years of my life wasted ; but I tell you that not only am I willing to 
give my life to this enterprise (for that is comparatively easy except when 
I think of you) , but that I firmly believe — if I live through it to spend a 
useful lifetime with you — that never will I have an opportunity to gain 
so much honorable advancement for my own soul, or to do so much for the 
caus^ of the world's progress, as I have here daily, defending the liberty that 
mankind has so far gained against the attack of an enemy who would deprive 
us of it and set the world back some centuries if he could have his way. 

I think less of myself than I did, less of the heights of personal success I 
aspired to climb, and more of the service that each of us must render in pay- 
ment for the right to live and by virtue of which only we can progress. 

Yes, my dearest folks, we are indeed doing the world's work over here, 
and I am in it to the finish. 

Brief List of Collections of Letters 

In the Firing Line (Letters of British Soldiers and Sailors, edited by 
A. St. J. Adcock), London, 1914. 

Friends of France: The Field Service of the American Ambulance, Boston, 
1916. 

The Harvard Volunteers in Europe, ed. by M. A. DeW. Howe, Cambridge, 
1916. 

Victor Chapman, Letters from France, New York, 1917. 

Alan Seeger, Letters and Diary, New York, 1917. 

Lt. Coningsby Dawson, Carry On: Letters in War Time, New York and 
London, 1917. 

Russell A. Kelly, Kelly of the Foreign Legion, New York, 1917. 

Maurice Barres, "Young Soldiers of France," in Tlie War and the Spirit 
of Youth, Boston, 1917. 

Arthur G. Heath, Letters, Oxford, 1917. 



CHAPTER IV 
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AND MEMORANDA 

41. Be Prepared. — The recruit or student soldier will at first 
thought consider that he can have nothing to do with the writing of 
orders and memoranda ; indeed, that there are few which he will 
have occasion to read. Often he sees none on the company bulletin 
board ; the first sergeant, at formations, reads them to him. He 
looks forward to his recommendation for commission as both distant 
and highly uncertain. Consequently, he turns to more pressing 
matters. Yet his postponement of this subject is an error. In 
every company a company clerk is required, and this company clerk 
will very likely be intrusted, if he shows himself competent, with the 
drafting of orders. Within a fortnight of enlistment, he may prove 
an advantage or a disadvantage to the company as a whole in direct 
proportion to the clearness and explicitness of the orders he drafts 
under the instructions of his cominanding officer. Or, if suddenly 
and unexpectedly commissioned — as were some four thousand 
young men at the S. A. T. C. camps, and sent to colleges to take im- 
mediate command of companies — he may find the task immediately 
thrust upon him with no competent assistance at hand. Prepared- 
ness everywhere gains immediate esteem. 

The type of orders with which the soldier recruit or new ofiicer 
will first have to do is not the march order which he encounters in 
the Field Service Regulations or the combat order now best explained 
in the Instructions for the Offensive Combat of Small Units; rather 
he will be called upon to deal with a great many less interesting orders 
published in the course of organization, training, and administration 

32 



ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AND MEMORANDA 33 

of a command prior to its engagement in overseas service. Reference 
to scattered passages in Army Regulations, especially Art. LXI, will 
enable him to get some idea of them in the abstract, but without 
models. 

42. Kinds of Orders. — Orders issued to a company by its com- 
mander or to a battalion (unless detached from its regiment) by its 
commander are termed simply Orders, without any other designa- 
tion except the serial number of each order in its file. When the 
commander of a detached battalion, a regiment, or organization 
isstles orders, however, he has often to give orders which concern 
only small units or individuals, and, as such, are not sufficiently im- 
portant to claim the attention of his whole command. His orders, 
accordingly, are divided into the two classes of general orders and 
special orders. General orders include matters which require the 
attention of the whole command, especially matters which require 
their permanent attention. Such are the schedule of calls, regular 
duties, police regulations, and appointment of important officers. 
They are published in such a way as to insure the communication 
of them to the entire command. Special orders are those which 
concern only a part of the unit, or which at least need be known to 
only a part. Such are details to special or extra duty, duties affect- 
ing a single company, and the like. An order may be put in the 
form of a letter, addressed to the individual, unit, or units concerned, 
and sent through the proper channels. (See Army Regulations, § 795.) 
In case time presses, a telegram may be so used. 

In the administration of a large unit there are innumerable little 
orders, as those issued for interviewing and transfers handled by the 
Personnel Office. To issue even special orders for such purposes 
involves a considerable amount of paperwork, — submitting the 
document to the commanding officer, making carbon copies, delivering 
them to many persons not concerned (thereby wasting their time). 



34 MILITARY ENGLISH 

In order to cut short such red tape, a custom has grown up of issuing 
less formal orders — called memoranda, but none the less orders — 
which pass only to the individual or individuals concerned. It is 
considered by many of our most efficient officers the best practice 
to handle the mass of detailed administration by such memoranda. 
Indeed, the more strictly the file of orders can be confined to a very 
few, the more commendable they consider the adjutant's organiza- 
tion. This is because a long file of orders tends (1) to confuse the 
memory, and (2) to lessen the importance of each. 

43. Form of Orders. — The form of an order is not less im- 
portant to a commander than the form of a letter to the writer. By 
it he will be judged. An irregularity which might in a letter escape 
the attention or comment of the individual addressed will not escape 
the scrutiny of a command. Orders should not be issued without 
repeated scrutiny, and — if practicable — after an interval for reflec- 
tion. Should an error nevertheless occur, a corrected copy of the 
order must be issued ; and in this case, the correct version should 
bear at the top the words : " Corrected copy : destroy copies pre- 
viously sent." 

44. The heading — except in the case of memoranda confined 
within a single office — must state explicitly the place and date of 
issue, conforming to the same rules as those given for official corre- 
spondence. Each day there can be issued only one document con- 
taining General Orders, and one document containing Special Orders. 
The contents of either or both may consist of as many paragraphs 
as may prove convenient and as many subjects as there are para- 
graphs. For this reason the plural " orders " is used. But since 
in theory such orders are published at parade, and since in practice 
repeated trips to Headquarters for hourly bulletins of orders would 
disorganize the routine of the day, only one set is issued daily. On 
most days there will be no general order. 



ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AND MEMORANDA 35 

45. The file number, as in official letters, is placed at the upper 
left corner. General Orders have one series of file numbers and 
Special Orders another. Indeed, all orders of a company, battalion, 
regiment, or higher command are numbered in Jl separate series be- 
ginning either with the new year or with the organization of the 
unit. Thus in a regiment there will be separate files for General 
Orders, Special Orders, Memoranda, and Field Orders. On the first 
of the new file each year should be noted the last number of the pre- 
ceding series. Thus, " Spec. O. No. 214 is the last of the 1918 series " 
Should appear 'at the top of Special Order No. 1 of the 1919 series. 
So with each of the other files. In case a number should happen to 
be passed over, as sometimes occurs when a prepared order, owing 
to later information, is withheld and not issued, the file numbers 
should nevertheless be kept consecutive by publishing an order of 
the number passed over. This replacement order will have for its 
substance only the words " Not issued." 

46. The signature of an order in a company is precisely that of 
an official letter, — two lines, the first consisting of the officer's name, 
the second consisting of his rank and the arm of the service to which 
he belongs. In units larger than a company, however, the signature 
will rarely be that of the commanding officer, except when he takes 
over the command or appoints a new adjutant. Usually orders will 
be issued with the signature of the adjutant of a major or colonel, 
and by the chief of staff of a general officer. 

" An order will state the source from which it emanates." {A. R., 
§ 795). This regulation is customarily complied with in the signa- 
ture. For example, consider the following : 

By order of Colonel Boutwell, 
J. R. Blakely, 

Captain, 24 Cav., 
Adjutant. 



36 MILITARY ENGLISH 

This is the usual form of signature in a regimental order. Adjutants 
of battalions are regularly first lieutenants ; adjutants of regiments, 
captains ; adjutants of divisions, majors. In divisions and higher 
bodies the signature becomes more complicated. The " chief of 
staff " signs in the same place and manner as the adjutant of a regi- 
ment, substituting for the word " adjutant " the phrase " chief of 
staff." On the left of the page and slightly lower appears the signa- 
ture of the adjutant as verification that the document is official. 

By command of Major General Hodges, 

M. B. Stewart, • 

Colonel, N. A., General Staff, 
Chief of Staff. 
Official : 

G. M. Peek, 

Major, Field Artillery, N. A., 
Adjutant. 

47. Copies of Orders. — The office issuing an order keeps a 
retain copy and supplies a copy to each of the offices concerned. In 
less important communications the duplication of copies is often 
wisely avoided by circulating a single copy to be read and initialled 
by the persons concerned. Thus, an orderly carries to company 
orderly rooms a single copy with an attached sheet with list of com- 
panies for checking with signatures of representatives of the company 
commanders. In the case of special orders extracts of individual 
paragraphs are copied and sent to the individuals or units con- 
cerned. Such extracts have the usual heading and signature with 
the title " Extract." 

48. Contents of Orders. — The principle of unity, so definitely 
insisted upon in the composition of military letters, is also desirable 
in orders. It can be achieved in General Orders, since the infre- 
quency of issuing these makes it possible to deal with one subject 



ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AND MEMORANDA 37 

at a time. Special Orders, however, in large commands are likely 
to be issued daily and to deal with a multitude of subjects, requiring 
even thirty or more paragraphs. Although no regulation requires 
grouping or consecutive arrangement of these units, it is desirable 
that they be arranged under classes of subjects when convenient. 
Exigencies of work will usually prevent this and result in their being 
put together helter-skelter in the order in which they happen to be 
put through. Nor does the lack of arrangement greatly matter. 
The persons or units concerned receiv^e in separate extracts the items 
which concern them : almost no one has occasion to read through- 
out an issue of Special Orders unless he have the turn of mind of a 
village gossip. 

The principles of composition, however, apply with none the less 
force to each slender paragraph unit. It must be unmistakably 
clear and must fully prescribe the course of action it directs. 

12. Private Karl S. Ward (1679245), Hdqrs. Co., 301st Infantry, is 
relieved from duty at the Soldiers Club, this cantonment, and will report 
to his organization commander, for duty. 

The army serial number is given with the name of enlisted men to 
prevent confusion from the not infrequent duplication of ordinary 
names. No date is specified, since an order goes into effect at issue. 
Observe that the soldier is given no excuse for awaiting a further 
order ; he is directed to report. 

2. The Regiment will form in marching order, by battalions, on Boylston 
Street at 8 : 40 a.m., the band in advance. 

This extract from General Orders is open to criticism on several 
counts. The position of the band hardly need be stated. The order 
of battalions, however, depending on the seniority of officers, and the 
place on Boylston Street where the head of the column should rest 
might properly have been stated. If the separate battalions were 



38 



MILITARY ENGLISH 



to form with misunderstanding of either of these points, confusion 
must certainly arise, occasionally vexatious delay, 

49. Models of Orders. — Several examples of administrative 
orders are here offered as guides. Slavish copying of any particular 
form in the contents is not to be desired or commended. 



Form for company orders 



Orders, 

No. 6. 



Co. K, 32d Infantry, 

Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y. 
July 27, 1918. 



1. Corporal Charles Quirin is relieved from duty as Company Clerk 
and placed on special duty in the Sergeant Major's office. 

2. Corporal Abraham Goldburg is appointed Company Clerk, vice 
Corporal Quirin relieved. 

3. Private George P. Denham is appointed Lance Corporal. 

' J. G. Hollister, 

Captain, 32d Infantry. 



Notes : In the case of a detachment, use as heading "Detachment Co. 
K, 32d Infantry," or "Detachment 32d Infantry." The signature does not 
vary in form. 

The usual routine orders issued in a company include appointments and 
relief from duty of bugler, company clerk, company tailor, cook, first class 
private, mechanic, first sergeant, lance corporal, mess sergeant, and supply 
sergeant. 



ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AND MEMORANDA 39 

Form for a battalion detached from its regiment : 

Headquarters, 3d Battalion, Harvard S. A. T. C. 

Wakefield, Mass., May 20, 1919. 
General Orders, 

No. %. 

1. Swimming in the lake is prohibited until further notice. 

2. Under the provisions oi A. R. § 256, the following temporary appoint- 
ment is made in this battalion : 

Sergeant John R. Kemble, Co. L, 32d Infantry, to be battalion Sergeant 
Major, vice Hunt, discharged. 

By order of Major Carrington, 
R. D. James, 
1st Lieut., 32d Infantry, 
Battalion Adjutant. 



Note : A battalion will seldom be detached from its regiment except 
for tactical purposes in the field. Its orders then will usually be Field Orders. 
It may, however, occupy a post and issue General and Special Orders. If not 
detached, it issues only "Orders" and the term "Headquarters" is not used. 



Form for a large post : 

Headquarters National Army Cantonment, 
Special Orders, Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass. 

No. 160. June 25, 1918. 

1. Pursuant to telegraphic instructions from the War Department, 
dated June 24, 1918, Quartermaster Sergeant Eugene Million (1670292), 
Permanent School Detachment, School for Bakers and Cooks, this Canton- 
ment, will be discharged by his Commanding Officer, to enable him to accept 
appointment as Second Lieutenant, Quartermaster Corps, N. A. 



40 MILITARY ENGLISH 

2. So much of Par. 36, S. O. 155, these Headquarters, c. s., as relates 
to Captain Joseph Turner, M. R. C, is amended to read "who is assigned 
to Detachment Medical Department, 304th Infantry." 

3. Private Frank H. Cauley (1657110), Machine Gun Co., 301st In- 
fantry, is transferred to the 151st Depot Brigade, and will report to the 
Commanding Officer, thereof, for duty. 

4. Captain Richard F. Nelligan, N. A., Athletic Director, this Canton- 
ment, is detailed as the military member of the Enlisted Men's Club Com- 
mittee, vice First Lieutenant Robert C. Deming, Inf., N. A., 301st Infantry, 
hereby relieved. 

5. Upon the recommendation of the Camp Quartermaster, this Canton- 
ment, Private First Class Vaughn S. Littlefield (1670077), 301st Fire Truck 
& Hose Co., is promoted to the grade of Sergeant First Class (temporary), 
Q. M. C, N. A. 

He will be obeyed and respected accordingly. 

6. Pursuant to instructions contained in letter from the War Depart- 
ment, 220,816 Spain, E. M., dated June 12, 1918, Private Miguel Cobo 
(2722915), Battery E, 302d Field Artillery, will be discharged by his Com- 
manding Officer, account of being an alien. 

50. Memoranda. — In form a memorandum does not differ as 
regards either heading or signature from other kinds of orders. It 
usually consists of fewer items, however, and any number may be 
issued in a day. The writer has found it desirable to use in memo- 
randa the same principle of unity as in letters, and to give a separate 
file number for each subject. Under the pressure of a large office 
there is sometimes need of more definite dating than in the case of 
special orders. The memorandum is in administration w^hat the 
field message is in combat. On the field message one expects the 
hour and minute ; confusion will often be avoided by stating it on 
the memorandum. 



ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS AND MEMORANDA 41 

EXERCISES 

1. Write an order establishing a schedule of calls for a summer training 
camp. Take into account the special conditions of the week-end. 

2. Write an order appointing a color guard. 

3. The unit is directed by orders emanating from Washington to par- 
ticipate or be represented in a Liberty Loan parade. Plan according to 
local conditions the route and time of the parade, the place of the unit in 
line, provision for drink and food, precautionary measures to insure the fit 
condition and good appearance of the troops. Write the various forms of 
orders issued for this occasion. 

4. Write a special order of several paragraphs containing (a) appointments 
of non-commissioned officers, (6) transfers of certain men from one unit to 
another, (c) directions for a detail to proceed to an officers' training camp, 
(d) furloughs. 

5. Write a special order announcing (a) the -departure of certain officers, 
(&) the arrival or appointment of others to fill their places, (c) the assign- 
ment of officers to special duties. 

6. Write a memorandum appointing an officer for a Liberty Loan cam- 
paign with the dates and places of reports to be submitted and any special 
regulations that are to be observed. 



CHAPTER V 
FIELD ORDERS 

51. Purpose of This Chapter. — The subject of Field Orders has 
been more fully and clearly covered than any other form of army 
paperwork that requires composition. The Field Service Regulations 
not only explain their composition precisely, but afford several model 
forms for the chief types in use. Colonel Moss in his Army Paper- 
work disposes of the subject with merely a reference to the Field 
Service Regulations. Major Eben Swift's book entitled Field Orders, 
Messages, and Reports consists chiefly of a very careful and thorough 
treatment of Field Orders, with filled-in models, cautions arranged 
under appropriate heads, and historical examples to reenforce them. 
In such books, however, the instruction is directed primarily and 
almost exclusively to the form and contents of orders for large bodies 
of troops, much larger bodies than the young officer or student 
soldier for whom this book is intended will be likely soon to have 
under his control. The present chapter, accordingly, will be con- 
fined to such field orders as might be issued to a small detachment 
amounting to a battalion or a regiment. Within this limitation it 
will probably serve a lieutenant's needs. 

52. Form of Field Orders. — The form of field orders is pre- 
scribed for heading, contents, and signature. Here error or confu- 
sion may result not solely in delay with consequent vexation, but in 
irreparable disaster. 

53. The heading consists of the title, — that is, the organization 
from which a particular order is issued, — the place of writing, the 
date, the file number, and a reference to the map used. Of these 

42 



FIELD ORDERS 43 

items the first three are placed at the upper right of the first page; 
the last two at the upper left. Consult the form which follows : 

(Order for Outposts) 

Headquarters, 1st Bn., Harvard Unit, S. A. T. C. 
Camp at Waverly, Mass. 
Field Orders, 12 ^ov., 1918, 3 : 30 p.m. 

No. 1. 
Blueprint X. 

Observe that not merely the day, but the hour (often the hour and 
minwte) of issue is stated. This should be the hour of signature. 
Time should be allowed for copies to reach the persons involved and 
to permit them to plan details. If an order is issued at night, it 
should be dated with both dates as follows : " Night, 14/15 Feb." 
Usually in small units orders will be given verbally. When com- 
plicated, they may be dictated by the adjutant to an assemblage of 
officers. Over an hour should be allowed for transmission through 
a division. Reference to the map used should prevent misunder- 
standings that arise from the use of different maps — made often 
on different scales and at different dates. Where possible, officers 
are provided with uniform maps. 

54. The signature (or ending) of field orders is like that of ad- 
ministrative orders. It states the authority by which the order is 
issued and authenticates it by the signature, rank, and office of the 
adjutant (or chief of staff). It specifies, at the lower left of the last 
page, to whom the order is issued and by what means. 

By order of Colonel Cartter, 
Francis Durant, 

Captain and Adjutant, 8th Inf. 
Dictated to Adjutants, Batterj^ Commander, Commander of Engineers, 
and Staff. 

Copy to Division Commander by Lt. R. 



44 MILITARY ENGLISH 

In case an order is issued in compliance with one issued from a 
higher command, copies should invariably be transmitted to that 
source. 

55. The contents of field orders vary with circumstances. They 
may be written for a variety of occasions, as (1) a march, advance, 
or retreat ; (2) advance, flank, or rear guards ; (3) the placing of 
outposts ; (4) a halt ; (5) the formation of camps or bivouacs ; 
(6) various types of combat. The last of these will be dealt with in 
a special chapter on operation orders. 

56. The Distribution of Troops. — The first three of these types 
have, in addition to the body of the order, a section which shows the 
distribution of troops in the command. This forms a column on the 
left-hand side of the page, extending about one-third of .the space 
across, and headed with the title " Troops." In other types of field 
orders the troops are mentioned in the body, where their duties are 
prescribed. Under the heading " Troops " the several bodies into 
which the troops are distributed are listed with lettering (a), (6), (c), 
etc. A simplified example for a battalion follows : 

Troops 1. On Saturday, October 16th, the battalion 

(a) Advance Guard : will make a practice march to AR- 

Lt. A. LINGTON HEIGHTS with advance 

2d Platoon, Co. D and rear guards for purposes of instruc- 
tion. 
(6) Main Body : 

Capt. W. 2. (a) The advance guard will march at 

1st, 3d, and 4tli Platoons, 8 a.m. 

Co. D (&) It will precede the main body at a 

Co. A distance of 300 yards. 

Co. B 3. The main body will march from the 

1st, 2d, and 4th Platoons, parade ground at 8 : 10 a.m., by 

Co. C MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE. 



FIELD ORDERS 



45 



(c) Rear Guard : 4. The rear guard will follow the main body 

Lt. B. at a distance of three hundred yards. 

3d Platoon, Co. C 5. The battalion commander will from time 

to time inspect the advance and rear 
guards, but will usually be with the 
main body. 

Usually a march order under the heading " Troops " will prepare 
for an advance or rear guard, but not both ; it will provide also for 
flank guards, and in large bodies for cavalry and signal troops. The 
name^of the commander is placed w^ith the section he commands. 

57. The accompanying table shows the usual distribution of 
troops in large bodies. 



Advance 


Advance Guard 


Outposts 


Retreat 


Rear Guards 


a. Independent 


Advance 


Advance 


Leading 


Reserve — 


Cavalry 


Cavalry 


Cavalry 


Troops 


in order 
of march 


h. Advance 


Support 


Supports 


]\Iain body 


Support 


Guard 




(numbered 
* from right 
to left) 


— in order 
of march 




c. Main body — 


Reserve — 


Detached Post 


Flank Guard 


Rear 


in order of 


in order of 






Cavalry 


march 


march 








d. Flank Guard 


Flank Guard 


Reserve 


Signal Troops 


Flank Guard 


e. Signal Troops 











58. The body of a field order is constructed almost unvaryingly 
in five paragraphs. These paragraphs may vary in length and may 
contain a number of subdivisions ; but five there should be, and 
each of the five should contain its prescribed information. 



46 MILITARY ENGLISH 

I. Information (a) of the enemy, (b) of our supporting troops. 
II. The general plan of the commander. 

III. Detailed dispositions and tasks of the elements of the com- 
mand. 

IV. Instructions for trains — whether field, sanitary, ammuni- 
tion, supply, or engineer, 

V. The commander's post (where messages may be sent) . 

If additional paragraphs are used, the last paragraph invariably dis- 
charges the function of Paragraph V. The additions are made after 
Paragraph IV, or in its place when there are no trains. Paragraph III 
will necessarily contain several lettered subdivisions, each contain- 
ing clear and precise instructions for the correspondingly lettered 
body in the distribution of troops column. These instructions will 
cover the place and time of departure, route to be traversed, distance 
from other elements of the command, lines of communication to be 
established, special mission, arrangements for relief, conduct in case 
of attack, place of assembly, target, preparation or removal of ob- 
stacles, or whatever other information may be desirable to impart. 
59. Cautions. — Several cautions are to be added : 

1. Abbreviations are not used. 

2. Place names are written in capital letters. 

3. After place names when spelling and pronunciation differ markedly, 
a phonetic spelling is added in parenthesis. 

4. Roads are indicated by two or more place names separated by dashes. 

5. Negative expressions are avoided. 

6. Brevity and precision of style are preferred. 

7. Details of space and time are stated precisely. 

8. Orders not concerning the movement in hand should be excluded. 

For Exercises, see p. 66. 



CHAPTER VI 

OPERATION ORDERS 

60. Change in Form. — During the present war, operation orders 
have developed in minuteness and fulness to an unprecedented 
degree. The orders of warfare a century ago rarely amounted to 
more than a few paragraphs and were communicated only to the 
higher commanders — so much was secrecy the first consideration. 
In the Civil War, indeed. General Grant comments as follows on 
the methods of one army corps commander : " After giving most 
intelligent instructions to division commanders, he would go in with 
one division, holding the others in reserve until he could superintend 
their movements in person also, forgetting that division commanders 
could execute an order without his presence." ^ Naturally, in small 
operations and unexpected encounters, the orders were verbal. 
Usage prior to the present war called for written orders of two kinds ; 
general orders communicated to all subordinate commanders, and 
special orders clearly explaining to each one the operations for which 
he was responsible. The general order was expected to cover the 
following points : 

I. The general situation of the opposing forces, and the position and 
probable designs of the enemy. 
n. The plan of action determined upon and the part to be taken 
therein by each portion of the attacking force ; the strength 
and composition of which, with the names of the commanders, 
should be set forth in detail in the margin of the order. 

^ Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 2 14. 
47 



48 MILITARY ENGLISH 

III. The preliminary position to be taken up by each distinct portion 

of the attacking force, and the objective of its attack. 

IV. The time when these positions are to be occupied, and the hour 

at which the attack is to commence from each. 
V. The positions of the field hospitals. 
VI. The positions of the trains of the different columns. 
VII. The position of the commander during the action. 
VIII. The strength and position of the reserves. 

At present the elaboration of orders has gone so far that we shall 
confine ourselves to illustration of company orders, as the only kind 
with which the new officer will for some time be concerned. In- 
structions in further detail for the company, as well as for the bat- 
talion, will be found in War Dept. Doc. No. 802, War Plans Division, 
May, 1918, Instructions for the 0;ffensive Combat of Small Units, 
pp. 25-27. (Prepared from official French Doc. of 2 Jan., 1918, at 
Hq. of A. E. F.) The success of an attack depends greatly on the 
perfection of the preparation, and this perfection must be insured 
by the company commander's order for action. To insure its re- 
liability it is submitted for the approval of the commander of the 
next higher unit.^ It is preliminary to the signal for attack in much 
the same way that the preparatory command precedes and ex- 
plains the command of execution. The final attack order most 
frequently consists merely in indicating the hour for the assault. 

61. Directions for a Company Order. — The order is based on 
the following general considerations : the mission assigned to the 
unit ; the obstacles to be overcome in order to execute this mission ; 
the means at the disposal of the unit. 

^ In open ground, and in the case of troops brought on the line of departure for 
an attack within a very short time, it will be impossible to write a complete order 
and have it approved by the superior authority. The leader will often have to limit 
himself to giving the essential orders. The first thing he will make known is "In- 
formation of the enemy." 



OPERATION ORDERS 49 

The order for action of the company includes : 

1. Information of the enemy. 

2. Mission of the battalion. 

Mission of the company and of the neighboring companies. 

Phases of the attack ; objectives or successive objectives. 
Direction of the attack given with the compass. Indication of 

a distant direction point. 

3. Limits of front assigned to the company. 

4. Mission of each platoon; objectives or successive objectives; 
its line of advance. 

Route of advance. 

When necessary, designation of the base platoon for re- 
assembling the company when an objective has been 
reached. 

5. Attack formation of the company. General formation. For- 
mation for each platoon. Formation for the assault echelon and 
for the support echelon — distance between echelons. 

Fire reserve of the captain. Automatic riflemen (if the situation 
requires) . 

6. Formation prior to assault. Occupation of the departure 
trenches — position for each platoon. 

7. Cleaning up. Number and composition of the cleaning-up 
parties to operate in the assigned front.^ 

Their initial position prior to assault, duties assigned to each 
in detail. 

8. Advance. How it will take place, keeping close to the creep- 
ing barrage. 

Schedule for the movement of the barrage. 

^ The captain makes sure before the assault that the cleaning-up parties assigned 
to him are in place and understand their duties. 

E 



50 MILITARY ENGLISH 

Use of signal fireworks. 

Conditions under which a new advance will be made after 
halting at an intermediate objective. 
9. Machine guns. Machine guns that are to support the com- 
pany — their duties in detail. 

10. One-pounder guns and accompanying mortars. Their duties, in 
detail, as far as the company is concerned. 

11. Divisional machine guns. Schedule of overhead fire. 

12. Mission of the tanks operating in the front assigned to the 
company. Liaison between the tanks and the infantry. 

13. Liaison. Liaison within the company, with neighboring 
companies, with the battalion commander ; runners. 

Position and line of march of the captain ; position and line 
of march of the battalion commander ; successive command 
posts of the colonel. 

14. Marking out the front. Means for indicating the front when 
a certain line has been reached, or at a particular hour, or on request 
of the aviator. 

15. Organization of the captured ground. When the company 
is passed by a unit executing a passage of lines ; occupation of the 
normal objective ; patrols to be sent out ; provisions regarding the 
strong point and combat groups ; distribution of duties for the execu- 
tion of these works (sketches) ; order of construction of the works, 
in order of importance ; conditions under which the advance will be 
carried to the final objective. 

16. Dress, equipment, pack of the men. 

17. Supplies. Organization, establishment of depots, munitions 
and fireworks, rations, water, miscellaneous material (tools, barbed 
wire, sand bags). 

Carrying parties (generally detailed from units other than 
the company) ; how distributed within the company. 



OPERATION ORDERS 51 

18. Medical service. Location of battalion and regimental first- 
aid stations. 

19. Prisoners. Measure to be taken ; assembly point. 

The order for action is widely circulated in the company. It is 
communicated, at least, to the officers and X. C. O.'s, who communi- 
cate it to their men. 

The order thus prepared endeavors to arrange precisely for the 
movement of each unit of the company. It is supplemented by still 
moje thoroughgoing verbal directions of platoon leaders and squad 
leaders. Finally, when opportunity permits, the attack is rehearsed 
some distance behind the lines, sometimes repeatedly, till the future 
action becomes almost precisely foreseen. Troops carry through the 
actual attack by rote, and attain their objectives on schedule time. 

62. Common Errors to be Avoided in Orders. — 

1. Avoid vague expressions of size or direction. What is " large " 
to one person may seem '* small " to another. If you say " behind " 
or '* before," uncertainty remains as to which way you face. Take 
directions from the compass. 

2. Avoid all matters not strictly necessary to the purpose in 
hand. Just as a letter concerns one subject, so a field order concerns 
only one tactical situation. 

3. Avoid petty details. Leave to the subordinates the working 
out of purposes which you clearly define. 

4. Avoid all qualifying words which permit easy desistance from 
an operation. Do not say ** try to capture," but " capture " ; not 
" endeavor to hold," but " hold." Do not permit partial accomplish- 
ment by such expressions as " so far as possible." 

5. If provision must be made for retreat when ordering an ad- 
vance, this should be communicated only to the higher commanders 
and confidentiallv. 



52 MILITARY ENGLISH 

6. Avoid negatives. " The reserves will not be moved forward 
without further orders " is unsatisfactory because the meaning of the 
order depends wholly on the word not. Were it neglected, just the 
wrong action must result. 

7. Avoid all danger of misreading. Indistinct handwriting and 
poorly formed letters are serious sources of danger. 

63. Models. — As illustrations of operation orders there follow 
orders for (1) Relief, (2) Trench Raid, and (3) Trench- to-Trench Attack. 

1. 

Battalion. July — , 1917. 

ORDER FOR RELIEF NO. — 

for the day of July — , 1917 

I. During the day of July — , Company B will relieve Company A in the 
supporting point at FRESH POND. 
II. PRELIMINARY RECONNAISSANCE: 

At 11 : 00 A.M. the captain of Company B, accompanied by his 
four platoon leaders, by a non-commissioned officer from each platoon, 
and by an "agent de liaison," will report at the Battalion Commander's 
post, where he will find a guide. 

He will accomplish the necessary reconnaissance of his sector and 
will remain with the captain of Company A. 

The platoon leaders will reconnoitre the sector assigned to their 
platoon and will remain with the leader of the platoon each is reliev- 
ing, except the leader of the platoon in reserve who will return to his 
company and will be required to lead it to the Battalion Commander's 
post at the appointed hour (1 : '-20). He will bring the non-commis- 
sioned officers with him after the reconnaissance of their respective 
sectors. The non-commissioned officers should be assembled at the 
captain's post at the hour determined by the latter (12 : 00). 
III. GUIDES: 

Each platoon commander of Company A will send a guide to the 



OPERATION ORDERS 53 

Battalion Commander's post to bring the corresponding platoon to 
the relieving company. 

The guides should be present at the Battalion Commander's post at 
1: 15. 
IV. RELIEF: 

The leading portion of Company B will be present at the Battalion 
Commander's post at 1 : "20. It will be in the following order : 

1. Section relieving salient A. 

2. Section relieving salient B. 

3. Section relieving the centre. 

4. Section relieving the reserve. 
V. PROCEDURE: 

The platoon from Company B relieving in the salient A shall gain 
access by boyau No. 1. The platoon relieved will leave by the same 
boyau. 

The platoon relieving the centre will arrive by boyau No. 2 and 
will take the right branch. The platoon relieved will leave by the 
left branch. 

The platoon relieving the right will arrive by boyau No. 3. The 
platoon being relieved will wait until the whole of the relieving platoon 
is in its position, and will then leave by the same boyau. 

The platoon in reserve will enter the redoubt by the left. The 
platoon being relieved will fold back on the right. 
VI. TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION GIVEN TO THE RE- 
LIEVING OFFICER BY THE OFFICER RELIEVED AND 
OF MATERIEL: 

Such information given by companies and platoons will be oral, not 
written. A duplicate will be sent by the section leaders to the cap- 
tains, and by the captains to the Battalion Commanders. 
VII. REPORT: 

A report of the relief and of the occupation will be sent to the Bat- 
talion Commander immediately at the completion of the operation. 

The Battalion Commander. 



54 MILITARY ENGLISH 

ORDERS ISSUED FOR A TRENCH RAID 

by a Company Commander 

Company A of the — th Infantry Regiment will execute a raid on the 
enemy strongpoint situated between BOSTON Trench, SHELBY Trench, 
and KENTUCKY C. T. [See map on pp. 58-59.] 
OBJECT : 

Capture prisoners. Destroy dugouts in BOSTON Trench near KEN- 
TUCKY C. T. and in SHELBY Trench. Destroy trench mortar em- 
placement in the strongpoint. 



The raid will be made b}^ 1 officer, 4 sergeants, 5 corporals, and 60 privates 
divided into 4 parties; (9 groups). 

Composition and Mission of Parties 
PARTY I: 

1 sergeant in command, 1 corporal, 14 men including 1 automatic rifle 
crew with gun. 

Group A : 1 corporal, 5 privates. 

Group B : 1 sergeant, 9 privates comprising 1 A. R. 

MISSION : Start from JOFFRE Trench at point indicated on map. Go 
through the enemy's destroyed barbed wire at point P. 

Penetrate into German trench at point indicated on map and proceed 
to the intersection of INDIANA C. T. and LIBERTY Trench. 

There Group A will barricade LIBERTY Trench 25 metres beyond 
INDIANA C. T. and resist in this location against any counter attack which 
might spring up on the right and try to come up LIBERTY Trench. 

Group B will proceed down INDIANA C. T., turn into BOSTON Trench 
and barricade BOSTON Trench at its intersection with INDIANA C. T. 
leading towards NEW YORK Trench. There the automatic rifle will be 
established to cover the right flank and the front of the raiding parties. At 
this point the group will resist any attempt at counter attack which might 



OPERATION ORDERS 55 

spring up from the rear through INDIANA C. T. or from the right through 
BOSTON Trench. 

These two groups will stay in place until the signal for the retirement 
of the raiding parties, which will be given by the officer commanding Party II. 
Group B will then retire through INDIANA C. T., will be joined in LIB- 
ERTY Trench by Group A, and the party will then go back along the same 
route as in the advance, keeping a very careful watch on the right flank. 
PARTY II : 

1 officer in command, 1 sergeant, 3 corporals, 22 privates including S 
rifle grenadiers. 
• Group C : 1 corporal, 3 privates, rifle grenadiers. 

Group D : 1 officer, 1 corporal, 8 privates. 

Group E : 1 sergeant, 6 privates. 

Group F : 1 corporal, 5 privates. 

MISSION : Start from JOFFRE Trench at point indicated on map. 
Go through the enemy's destroyed barbed wire at point Q. 

Penetrate into German trench at point indicated on map where four men 
will hurriedly search the trench on the right and on the left of KENTUCKY 
C. T., then follow the party which will proceed through KENTUCKY C. T. 
up to BOSTON Trench. 

There the groups will separate : 

Group C will stay at the intersection of BOSTON Trench with KEN- 
TUCKY C. T. From here the rifle grenadiers can cover by their fire the 
front of the raiding parties as well as both flanks. They will act in case of 
need in the direction of any counter attack the enemy might undertake. 

Group D will proceed to the right in BOSTON Trench, then down 
SHELBY Trench where the trench mortar emplacement and the dugout 
will be mopped up. These two dugouts will then be destroyed. 

Group E will proceed to the left in KENTUCKY C. T. and will mop up 
the dugout at the intersection of KENTUCKY C. T. with BOSTON Trench. 
This dugout will then be destroyed. 

Group F wfll proceed immediately down KENTUCKY C. T. and es- 
tablish a barricade at its intersection with SHELBY Trench. There it will 
stay to resist any counter attack which might spring up from the rear. 



56 MILITARY ENGLISH 

The officer commanding the raiding party will give the signal of retire- 
ment when he sees fit or when his mission is accomplished, and will assemble 
his groups for a retirement through KENTUCKY C. T. along the same 
route as that followed in the advance. 
PARTY III : 

1 sergeant in command, 1 corporal, 14 privates including 1 automatic 
rifle crew with gun. 

Group G : 1 corporal, 5 privates. 

Group H : 1 sergeant, 9 privates including 1 A. R. 

MISSION : Start from JOFFRE Trench at point indicated on map. 
Go through the enemy's destroyed barbed wire at point R. 

Penetrate into German trench at point indicated on map and proceed 
to the intersection of LIBERTY Trench with WEST VIRGINIA C. T. 

There Group G will barricade LIBERTY Trench 25 metres beyond 
WEST VIRGINIA C. T. and resist in this location any counter attack 
which the enemy might launch on the left through LIBERTY Trench. 

Group H will continue down WEST VIRGINIA C. T., turn into BOSTON 
Trench, and barricade BOSTON Trench 10 metres to the left of WEST VIR- 
GINIA C. T. and barricade also this C. T. leading towards the rear 20 metres 
beyond BOSTON Trench. (See map.) These barricades will be held against 
all counter attacks which might spring up from the rear or from the left. 
The automatic rifle will be established at this point to cover the left flank 
and the front of the raiding parties. 

These two groups will stay in place until the signal for the retirement of 
the raiding parties, which will be given by the officer commanding Party II. 
Group H will then retire through WEST VIRGINIA C. T., will be joined 
in LIBERTY Trench by Group G, and the party will then go back along 
the same route as followed in the advance, keeping a very careful watch on 
the left flank. 
PARTY IV : 

Group I : 1 sergeant in command, 10 privates, including two automatic 
rifle crews with guns. 

MISSION : Start from JOFFRE Trench at point indicated on map ; 
deploy into small groups covering whole width of raid; these groups will 



OPERATION ORDERS 57 

take up positions between the two trenches at about 60 metres in front of 
our own barbed wire. The two A. R. will be placed on the flanks and pro- 
tected by bombers. 

This group will remain in place and support in case of need the retire- 
ment of the raiding party. It will retire itself only after the three other 
groups have passed on their way back. 



Routes of the different groups are marked on the map. 



LIAISON : 

The different groups will strive to be in constant liaison one with the 
other. This liaison is to be specially cared for on arriving in LIBERTY 
Trench and in BOSTON Trench. 
STARTING OF THE GROUPS ; 

At H less 10 each party will start from JOFFRE Trench, and stopping 
in front of our own barbed wire, will send two men to verify the gaps in the 
enemy's barbed wire. These men will have wire cutters to complete these 
gaps if necessary. Group I will not send any wire cutters. 

At the hour H the parties-will start off from their emplacements in front 
of our barbed wire. 
PREPARATION : 

The raid is to be preceded by a violent artillery preparation of light and 
heavy artillery on the raided point and on NEW YORK Trench. 

STOKES MORTAR : 4 batteries will take part in the preparation; 
2 concentrating their fire on the strongpoint, one on WEST VIRGINIA 
C. T., one on INDIANA C. T. 

At H plus 1 the artillery will gradually lengthen its range and establish 
its fire behind the strongpoint in the ravine and on NEW YORK Trench. 
The Stokes mortars will transfer their fire to the flanks and help on the 
flanks of the box barrage. 

ONE-POUNDER GUN : 1 gun will take part in the preparation. Its 
fire will be directed on machine gun emplacement in MISSISSIPPI C. T. 
on the crest 50 metres in front of NEW YORK Trench. Its emplace- 






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DIAGRAM I 



60 MILITARY ENGLISH 

ment shall be chosen so as to allow the continuation of its fire during the 

raid. 

RIFLE GRENADES : From H less 5 until H, twenty rifle grenadiers 
of the company will execute a fire of concentration beginning by a slow fire 
gradually increasing in violence. These rifle grenadiers will be divided into 
four groups; the first firing on WEST VIRGINIA C. T., the second on 
KENTUCKY C. T., the third on INDIANA C. T., the fourth on INOSSIS- 
SIPPI C. T., between LIBERTY and BOSTON Trenches. 
EQUIPMENT : 

Assault equipment without pack. 

Each man will carry 12 grenades. Six men of the central party carrying 
6 suffocating and incendiary grenades. 

Each group of the central party having dugouts to destroy will carry 
necessary quantity of high explosive. 

Each automatic rifle will have COO rounds. The carriers of the A. R. 
crews will also have 6 grenades. 

Groups A, B, F, G, and H will carry coils of Ribard wire entanglement 
to constitute their barricades. 

The men before starting will take off all parts of their uniform or equip- 
ment which might help identify them. 

No papers shall be carried on the men. 

All members of the raiding party will carry a white band around left arm. 
INFORMATION TO BE OBTAINED : 

The identity of the enemy's troops before us must be ascertained. The 
raidmg party will strive to take prisoners ; these shall be escorted back to 
JOFFRE Trench as soon as taken. The bodies of dead enemies shall be 
searched and identified if possible. 
NO MAN OF RAIDING PARTY, WOUNDED OR DEAD, SHALL BE 

LEFT IN ENEMY'S LINES. 
DATE AND HOUR OF RAID : 

To be given later, 
SIGNAL OF RETIREMENT : 

2 green one-star rockets sent off in quick succession by the officer com- 
manding raiding party. 



OPERATION ORDERS 61 

REESTABLISHMENT OF DEFENSIVE BARRAGE : 

As soon as the raiding parties have arrived back into JOFFRE Trench, 

3 red one-star rockets will be sent off at an interval of 5 seconds between 
each. Our artillery will then immediately set down the defensive barrage 
before and on the German first line. 

DRESSING STATION: 

A first-aid dressing station is established in dugout X in JOFFRE Trench. 

4 stretcher bearers will be on duty during the operation in JOFFRE Trench 
on the emplacement of departure of the raiding party. 



PLAN OF ENGAGEMENT — FOR A TRENCH-TO-TRENCH 
ATTACK BY A BATTALION, AFTER ARTILLERY PREPA- 
RATION 

Information of the Enemy. (See map of Enemy's Sector [on next page].) 

The enemy occupies a first position, consisting of a lookout parallel 
(Bremen Trench), a main parallel (Breslau Trench), a doubling parallel 
(Brandenburg Trench), and a support parallel (supposed behind railroad 
line Chateaugay branch) — general direction of the enemy — N. E. — S. W. 
General Situation. 

Mission of the Division. — The Division attacks and carries the three 
first parallels in a sector limited by a line of coordinates 300 yards on the 
right and parallel to Peru Road and a line of coordinates 600 yards on the 
left and parallel to Peru Road. 

Mission of the Regiment. — Same as for the Division in a sector hmited 
by Peru Road on the right and on the left by a line of coordinates 300 yards 
on the left and parallel to Peru Road. 

The Regiment will attack with one Battalion in front and the others 
behind echeloned in depth. 

Mission of the Battalion. — 1st assaulting Battalion of the Regiment is 
reenforced by two machine gun platoons (supposed) and one platoon of 
Engineers (supposed). This Battalion will carry Bremen, Breslau, and 










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OPERAT[ON ORDERS 63 

Brandenburg trenches, establishing its advanced posts so as to have view 
on the enemy's support parallel. 

This Battalion will leave the jumping-off trenches at Zero hour (3 o'clock) 
and carry its objectives in one rush. A white rocket will give the signal of 
departure. 

Mission of Neighboring Units. — Same. Regiment M on the right 
(N. W.) — Regiment N on the left (S. E.). 
Mission of Each Company. 

1st Company (Right assaulting) : 
Carry trenches Bremen, Breslau, Brandenburg in a sector limited by : 
Right (N. W.) — Peru Road. Left (S. E.) — Braunschw^eig communicating 
trench. 

2d Company (Left assaulting) : 
Carry same trenches in a sector limited by : Right (N. W.) — Braun- 
schweig communicating trench. Left (S. E.) — left limit of the battalion. 

3d Company (Right support) : minus one platoon detailed for mop- 
ping up will support 1st Company and insure liaison with Regiment M. 

4th Company (Left support) : minus one platoon detailed for carry- 
ing party will support 2d Company and insure liaison with Regiment N. 
Distribution of the Battalion for the Attack. 
(See diagram on next page.) 
Speed of the March. 

The Artillery creeping barrage will precede the Infantry at the rate of 
100 yards in 3 minutes. 

It will be fixed at Zero hour plus 15 minutes 100 yards S. W. of Bran- 
denburg trench. 

Code of Signals Used. 

1 red rocket — Ask for artillery barrage. 
1 green rocket — The enemy counter attacks. 

1 white rocket — I am ready to advance or counter attack repulsed. 
Liaison. — The liaisons by telephone, T. P. S., signalling lamps, and relay 
posts of runners should be organized immediately after the objective is 
reached between the captured trenches and the rear. Signalling panels will 
be used for indicating the position of the troops to the airplanes. 






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DIAGRAM III 



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DIAGRAM III 



65 



6Q MILITARY ENGLISH 

Consolidation of the Conquered Ground. 

Island 2d Companies reenforced b^' one platoon of 3d and one platoon 
of 4th Company will reverse Bremen, Breslau, and Brandenburg trenches, 
reorganize the new position, reestablishing 3 communication trenches be- 
tween Bremen and Brandenburg trenches. 

All auto-riflemen and V. B. Grenadiers will be pushed to the new front 
line for protection against enemy's counter attacks. 

The rest of 3d and 4th Companies will dig two communicating trenches 
between Bremen trench and the rear. 

New Commanding posts of Captains commanding 1st and 2d Com- 
panies in Bremen trenches. 

New Commanding post of Battalion Commander in jumping-oflF trench. 

First-aid station between Battalion C. P. and the road. 
Equipment of the Men. — Besides weapons and ammunition, each man 
will carry one tool, 2 sand bags, an extra canteen, 2 gas masks — no packs ; 
but tents around the shoulders. 

EXERCISES 

1 . Write an order for a regiment to advance through hostile country when 
expecting contact with a small body of enemy cavalry. 

2. Write an order for a halt for the night in the case of a detachment. 

3. Write an order for outposts. 

4. Why is the item of "information concerning the enemy" missing in 
the order for a Trench Raid '^ 

5. Criticise the form of the order for a Trench-to-Trench Attack in 
the light of the order for a Trench Raid. 

6. Write an order providing for the disposition of your battalion for a 
Trench-to-Trench Attack. 

7. Write a company order provitling the details for a Relief of a com- 
pany occupying the Liberty-Boston-New York Trenches, pp. 58-59. 

8. Write an order for a Raid on the Bremen-Breslau-Brandenburg 
Trenches, p. 62. 



CHAPTER VII 

FIELD MESSAGES 

64. The Messenger. — In the course of modern combat there is 
Uttle room for the picturesque figure of a panting messenger on foam- 
ing charger ahghting with his despatch. When telephones are carried 
forward with the assault, and rockets and flag signals and pigeons 
afford highly varied means of communication, the role of the mes- 
senger is confined to traversing short distances. Yet the messenger 
(or '* agent de liaison ") continues to be of the first importance. 
When the wires become entangled or broken, he serves as the best 
means of liaison within and between companies in or near the front 
line. 

Although working within such a restricted area, the messenger is 
nevertheless usually a bearer of written messages. Verbal messages 
are less convenient because they must be confined to a very few words, 
and very plain words. If the reader will try a simple experiment — 
give a message, and then question the person to whom it is sent — 
he will learn how easily words become changed and the sense altered, 
if not perverted. Do so. Yet the ordinary conditions of life are 
far more favorable to correct message bearing than are the turmoil, 
excitements, and dangers of battle. Shell fire toppling you over tends 
to obliterate the finer distinctions of language. Therefore, verbal 
messages should rarely exceed ten words. They should rarely cover 
more than two items. A prudent commander, under stress, will 
write duplicate messages, sending them by different men traversing 
different routes. 

65. The Sender. — Experience has shown that a message, whether 
written or verbal, gains first attention for the nature of the contents, 

67 



68 MILITARY ENGLISH 

to the exclusion of all other considerations. It is after the messenger 
has gone that inquiries begin to arise : — who sent it, or when, or 
where was he ? Later still comes the question, who brought it ? The 
French have systematized their messages by five questions. They 
prescribe that the writer of each message shall assure himself that he 
has answered the questions: "Qui.^ Quand? Ou? Comment? 
Que?" That is to say: Who? When? Where? How? 
What? In like manner, the American soldier can make certain that 
his message will be understood if he answers the questions : Who is 
writing ? What is the exact time of writing ? What is the place ? 
How is the message being sent (telephone, runner, etc.) ? Just 
what have you to say ? 

66. Field Message Blank. — The American Field Message Blank, 
an example of which may be seen photographed on page 69, is ad- 
mirably designed to insure answers to these questions. The blank 
squares challenge the writer's attention and automatic compliance 
as if they were words of command. The headings From, At, Date, 
Hour, To, No., How sent, insure some kind of response : they do 
not insure a correct response. And here the value of practising the 
writing of field messages first becomes clear. 

67. Heading. — The untutored writer would as likely as not fill 
in the blank space after From by writing his own name. This he 
should not do. As in an official letter, he should write the name of his 
office : " 6th Section Co. D, 2d Bg. M. G. Bn." 

68. To. — Similarly after To he should write the name of the 
office addressed : " C. O. Co. D, 2d Bg. M. G. Bn." Thus in the 
event of casualties the course of the message will in no wise be con- 
fused, and a new commander receiving the message of a new section 
leader will place it correctly despite the fact that they may be un- 
known to each other by name. Observe, however, that secrecy is 
preserved regarding items which might be of value to the ensmy. 




Photographed from the original. 
69 



70 MILITARY ENGLISH 

Were the message captured it would not disclose the division or 
army corps — facts which might be of some service to the enemy 
strategy. Precisely similar considerations govern the address which 
follows the printed word To. 

69. At. — After the printed word At should appear a designation 
of place which will reveal to friends the precise location, and yet will 
be as a rule unintelligible to the enemy. For example : 

Intersection of Communication Trench on old front line. 

P. C. Intersection of C. T. and old front line trench. 

Transport P. C. 

P. C. 18th Infantry M. G. Co. 

At edge of Bois St. Eloi. Where gun 57 was located. 

Strong Point No. 3. 

Petit Troissy. 

Old front line. 

Such hints clearly suffice for persons who possess minute trench maps 
and are familiar with the local and transitory names which vivify a 
system of trenches. See the maps accompanying the orders for a 
Trench Raid and a Trench-to-Trench Attack, pp. 58 and 62. 

70. The date and hour should be filled in precisely. Place the 
month name between the figures of day and year, as " 7 June 17." 
The year is often omitted. State whether the hour is a.m. or p.m. ; 
if noon or midnight, write out the word noon or midnight. A des- 
patch rapidly changes significance as the interval increases between 
writing and delivery. 

71. The number for filing is important because by this means 
the failure of an intermediate message to arrive becomes evident 
from the gap in the numbers. Needless to say, Field 'Message Books 
are furnished with carbons, so that the writer has his duplicates to 
show in reconstructing and criticising the course of an engagement. 



FIELD MESSAGES 71 

72. How Sent. — The last formality of the heading Ho^c Ser:t 
is perhaps not so well phrased as were it to read " By Whom Sent." 
The Field Message Book form shows that it comes by runner or mes- 
senger, and safeguards any chance of subsequently confusing it with 
telegrams, jottings of telephone messages, signals, airplane messages, 
etc. The average Field Message, however, reads simply " Runner " 
or " Messenger," and only occasionally " Mess. Fairbanks," " Lt. 
Redmond," " Water Party," etc. Yet completeness and accounta- 
bility render a precise designation desirable. 

73. The signature should by no means be patterned after the 
signature of a letter or order. Rather it is analogous to that of a 
telegram. The commander of a small unit presumably knows his 
men. " Morse " or " Lt. Reed " will suffice. The rank is service- 
able especially in cases of change of command — " Howard, Sgt." 
or " Corp. Sanger " — since it keeps the CO. posted regarding the 
comparative reliability of the individual in charge. 

74. Examples. — The proper compliance with the form of head- 
ing and signature should be made automatic by frequent practice 
just as the execution of commands is made instinctive by the dis- 
cipline of close order drill. Then, despite the pain of a dying com- 
rade and amid the jar and hail of enemy fire, a complete message will 
be executed. In the following message of a platoon commander, 
written during the Battle of Cantigny, certain words are undecipher- 
able and the hour is incomplete : 

From Platoon Commander 3d Bat. Co. D. 

At. P. C. Intersection of C. T. & old front line How Sent 

Date 29 May 18 Hour 2 : 40 No. 3 Runner 

To C O Co. D 2d Bg M. G. Bn. 

No heavy shelling during night. No sniping. Wounded being carried 
to Batt first-aid. We are now in front line. Co. L fell back to old front 



\ 



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Sketch on the back of Lt. M 's message, 7.15 a.m. 



FIELD MESSAGES 73 

line or rather 2d jumping off trench. Co. I is now holding front lines on 

left flank. Corp. J returned to this place and his gun has been placed 

in rear of front line 75 yds on C. T. trench and . . . cover this entire left 
flank of sector. Several men reported . . . have returned to us safe. 

Lt. R 

This message is commendable in that its sentences are short. 
It is faulty, however, in three points : 

(1) The needless confusion of the fifth sentence. 

(2) The vagueness of " several " in the last sentence. 

(3) Failure to organize the material in definite paragraph units. 
Observe how the casualties, disposition of material, news of near 
units, and report of firing are confused without order or division. 
As an exercise, rewrite the message with suitable rearrangement and 
paragraphing. Compare with it the following excellent message 
and the explanatory sketch sent on the back of the Field Message 
Blank. (See diagram on the opposite page.) 

From 2d Platoon Co. D. 

At Strong Point No. 3 How Sent 

Date May 28, 1918 Hour 7 : 15 a.m. No. 1 Lt. R 

To C. O. Co. D — M. G. Co. 3d Bn. 

1. All guns in position, 

2. Have 2572 romids am. per gun. 

3. Pvt. L wounded in shoulder by M. G. fire coming over top. 

4. Strong Point East Side of Cantigny Cemetery. 

5. Position of guns and line of fire. See sketch on back. Position of 
guns at present are indicated by two arrows. When Strong Point is dug 
position of guns will be as indicated by one arrow to show field of fire. 

M 

Lt. 




Photographed from the original. 

74 



FIELD MESSAGES 75 

This message deserves commendation. Paragraph 5 recurs to 
the subject of Paragraph 1 and elaborates it since time permits. 
Since the platoon has just taken position, no information of the 
enemy can be expected. Certainly these conditions are more favorable 
than those reported by Lt. R for the preparation of a method- 
ical report ; but Lt. M , under conditions even more unfavorable, 

clings to his thoroughness and system. 

From 2d Platoon 

At Strong Point No. 3. How sent 

Date May 28, 1918 Hour 9.00 p.m. No. 1 Mess. F 

To C. O. Co. D. • 

- 1. Eleven or twelve of my men have been wounded or killed and sent in. 
Balance are about in a state of nervous collapse from continuous shelling 
with large H. E. None are fit to put up a good fight at present. Have 
worked them hard on the Strong Point, 

2. I was knocked crazy by shell fire. Have slight cut across wrist from 
piece of shell. Will send in another report later. 

M 

It will be noticed that the preceding messages were written in 
the course of combat. But before an engagement begins it is 
necessary to inform the higher command that all is in readiness. 
Shortly after a unit has taken position in the front line trenches 
relieving another unit, each captain will send to his battalion com- 
mander a plan of defence containing the following paragraphs : 

1. Situation: Position occupied by his company and the distribution 
of his effectives. Position of the automatic rifles (each platoon should have 
four), and positions where machine guns may be placed. 

2. Security : Measures taken and how carried into effect. 

3. Liaisons: How assured, both laterally and in depth. 

4. State of the position as left by his predecessor : Work to be done and 
in course of construction, beginning with the most urgent ; and accompanied 



76 MILITARY ENGLISH 

by suggestions for the improvement and further construction and strengthen- 
ing of the works. 

5. Defence of his sector, bearing in mind the purpose of his command; 
namely, to resist in his line as long Ps possible. 

6. Plan of the counter attack, in case tlie enemy should succeed in gaining 
a foothold in his first line or in part of it. 

A map 1 will also be sent with this report. It should be drawn 
to a scale of 1 inch-100 feet, properly oriented, and with the direc- 
tion of the enemy indicated. The boundaries of the sector held 
by any one company and the points of junction with the sector 
held by neighboring companies should be clearly indicated. 

75. Message Form. — The training of new officers in the sub- 
stance of Field Messages is more imperative than training in their 
form. When writing they will tend to note the points which most 
concern them, losing sight of the need of information at higher com- 
mand posts. They omit an item — such as news of other units — 
when that news seems commonplace. For this purpose a message 
form for use in training has been devised and used in divisional 
schools. The reader should study this form and should repeatedly 
practise filling it out in connection with problems for small units. 



MESSAGE FORM 



To: 

1. I am at 



No. 
(Note : Either give map reference 
or mark your position by an "X" 
I. on the map on back.) 

2. I have reached limits of my objective. 

3. My { ^ > is at and is consolidating. 

^ I Company j 

^ The maps in use on the western front have French map signs which may be seen 
in Whittem and Long's French for Soldiers, Cambridge, 1917, pp. 92-94. 



FIELD MESSAGES 77 

4. My I r^ > is at and has consolidated. 

[ Company J 

5. Am held up bv \ ;, ! ,,,.' ' > at (Place where you are). 

" t (6) Wire J 

6. Enemy holding strongpoint 

~ X - 1 . , [Right! ^ 

4 . 1 am in touch with ^^^ 1 T ft f 

ox.,., f Rigl^t 

8. 1 am not in touch with *^^ 1 T ft 

9. Am shelled from 

10. Am in need of : 

11. Counter attack forming at 

r (a) Battery ] 

12T Hostile I (6) Machine Gun j active at 

[ (c) Trench Mortar J 

13. Reenforcements wanted at 

14. I estimate my present strength at rifles. 

15. Add any other useful information here : 

Name 

Platoon 

Time M. Company 

Date 1917. Battalion 



(A) Carry no maps or papers which may be of value to the enemy. 

(B) Give no information if captured, except the following, which you are 

bound to give : 

Name and Rank 

(C) Collect all captured maps and papers and send them in at once. 

Among the items called for in 15, the supply of ammunition, 
arrangements for field of fire, report of casualties with disposition of 
men, and news of neighboring units are important. No form could 
readily be devised which would clearly suggest all the items which 
differing conditions render desirable. The purpose of such forms 



78 MILITARY ENGLISH 

is not to extend the domain of literalness and red tape. It is to sug- 
gest observation and reflection. That very different items will often 
be called for can be seen in the following message : 

From 6th Section Co. D 2d Bg M. G. Bn 

At P. C. intersection of T. C. & old front line trench How Sent 

Date 28 May 18 Hour 11 : 50 No. 2 Runner 

To C. O. Co. D 2d Bg M. G. Bn 

Two guns in position 5th Section. Guns out of action. 1st message 
sent at 8 : 05. Wire was not broken down and our first waves bunched to 

get through and an enemy machine got an . . . fire on our line. J and 

P had guns moimted just in front of wire but by orders of Lt. M s 

were moved forward and this is when the men were lost. Pvt. G as 

Inf. amm. carrier wounded. 

(Second Sheet) 

From 6th Section Co. D 2d Bg M. G. Bn. 

To C. O. Co. D. 2d Bg M. G. Bn. How Sent 

Runner 

Amt of ammunition on hand 5184 at this position all gone at 5th 
Section. 

Lt. M s wounded in action. 

Lt. R 

EXERCISES 

1. Copy message of Lt. M (p. 73) on a blank at end of book. 

2. Write field messages for occasions arising from the orders and exer- 
cises of Ch. VI, or from the reports on pp. 85-89. 

3. Timely exercises may be based on the situations in Lt. E. Colby's 
Small Problems for Trench Warfare, Fort Leavenworth, 1918. 



CHAPTER \ III 

REPORTS 

76. The Report Follows Action. — Whenever troops have been 
sent upon a mission, or a single officer or soldier has been charged 
with a special duty, the commander will expect a report. This re- 
port may be merely a verbal statement consisting of a few words, 
as " Sir, Lieutenant Gleason is absent from quarters and not expected 
to return till evening." Or it may extend to a minute account of 
extended operations, covering many thousand words and supple- 
mented by a considerable variety of lists, diagrams, maps, and evi- 
dential documents. Under the head of Military Correspondence an 
example of reporting for duty shows the brief style. The report 
presents, as regards composition, no new feature to distinguish it 
from the letter and the message. Like the former it is usually pre- 
pared in hours or moments of comparative leisure. The order 
precedes action ; the message occurs in the course of action ; the 
report follows action. 

77. Value of Plan. — Even in a very extended report the letter 
form serves as a natural medium. Here the principle of organiza- 
tion so much insisted on for the shorter units of correspondence, 
orders, and messages, is even more necessary if the writer hopes that 
his account will be intelligently followed, and that the achievements 
which he records will be duly recognized. The technique of exposi- 
tion, as usually taught in composition courses, applies here without 
variation, and should be insisted on with full emphasis. 

79 



80 MILITARY ENGLISH 

There should be at the outset of an extended report some general 
statements of the scope of the operations ordered or planned, indi- 
cating the nature of the task, the diflSculties in the way, the means 
of accomplishment, and in some cases the results obtained. This, 
general summary prepares the reader by a brief view of the whole. 
When he descends into particulars, he will already have in mind the 
perspective. The technique, in short, is that of the journal which 
prints first in large type the few most striking facts and follows them 
with a more thorough account. An excellent example will be found 
in the introduction, which follows, to Lieutenant General Sir Stanley 
Maude's report of his campaign in Mesopotamia which culminated 
in the fall of Baghdad. 



GENERAL HEADQUARTERS, 
MESOPOTAMIAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCE. 

10th April, 1917. 
Sir, — 

1. I have the honor to submit herewith a report on the operations 
carried out by the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force for the period ex- 
tending from August 28th, 1916, the date upon which I assumed command 
of the Army, until March 31st, 1917, three weeks after the fall of Baghdad. 

2. The area over which the responsibilities of the Army extended was 
a wide one, embracing Falahiyeh, on the Tigris ; Ispahan (exclusive) , in 
Persia ; Bushire, on the Persian Gulf ; and Nasariyeh, on the Euphrates. 
Briefly put, the enemy's plan appeared to be to contain our main forces on 
the Tigris, whilst a vigorous campaign, which would directly threaten India, 
was being developed in Persia. There were indications, too, of an impend- 
ing move down the Euphrates towards Nasariyeh. To disseminate our 
troops in order to safeguard the various conflicting interests involved would 
have relegated us to a passive defensive everywhere, and it seemed clear 



REPORTS 81 

from the outset that the true sokition of the problem was a resohite offensive, 
with coneentrated forces, on the Tigris, thus effectively tlireatening Baghdad, 
the centre from which the enemy's cohimns were operating. Such a stroke 
pursued with energy and success would, it was felt, automatically relieve 
the pressure in Persia and on the Euphrates, and preserve quiet in all dis- 
tricts with the security of which we were charged. 

This then was the principle which guided the subsequent operations, 
which may be conveniently grouped into phases as follows : 

First : Preliminary preparations, from August 28th to December 12th. 

Second : The consolidation of our position on the Hai, from December 
13th to January 4th. 

Third : The operations in the Khadairi Bend, from January 5th to lOtli. 
• Fourth : The operations against the Hai salient, from January 20th to 
February 5 th. 

Fifth : The operations in the Dahra Bend, from February 6th to 16th. 

Sixth : The capture of Sannaiyat and passage of the Tigris, from Febru- 
ary 17th to 24th. 

Seventh : The advance on Baghdad, from February 25th to March 11th. 

Eighth : The operations subsequent to the fall of Baghdad, from March 
12th to 31st. 



Preliminary Preparations : August 28th to December 12th 

3. It was of paramount importance, in view of the approach of the 
rainy season, that no undue delay should take place in regard to the re- 
sumption of active operations, but before these could be undertaken with 
reasonable prospect of success it was necessary : 

(a) To improve the health and training of the troops, who had suffered 
severely from the intense heat during the summer months. 

(6) To perfect our somewhat precarious lines of communication. 

(c) To develop our resources. 

{d) To amass reserves of supplies, ammunition, and stores at the front. 
It was therefore considered desirable. . . , 



82 MILITARY ENGLISH 

The body of Sir Stanley's report,^ not counting its addenda, 
amounts to considerably more than half the pages of this book. 
Yet his clearness in plan enables the reader to keep in mind, through- 
out, the relation of each part to the general scheme of the operations. 
Another example is Field Marshal Haig's report of the Battle of the 
Somme, referred to on page 4. A man who trains his mind so to organ- 
ize his ideas will in the active duties of campaigning find himself able 
so to organize the activities of the forces at his disposal. With a 
view to developing such ability where it may be found latent, the 
instructor in composition will design exercises in planning papers 
and in analyzing or summarizing masterpieces of exposition — tasks 
which the student often thinks very laborious. He needs to be shown 
clearly the purpose in view. It is to teach him to think methodically, 
because if he thinks and expresses himself methodically, he will be 
more fully understood and will be better able to teach others. As 
an officer his first task is to teach — to teach recruits. And he will 
constantly have need to explain. He must learn to think by the 
numbers so that he can teach by the numbers. Nor is it impossible 
that a young officer who undertakes such lessons as these should be 
called upon to prepare extended reports. Many a man has drafted 
documents which have appeared under a more widely known name. 

The average young officer, however, will be concerned chiefly 
with combat reports following actions of at most a few days' dura- 
tion. On taking position preparatory to attack, or on effecting a 
relief (change of troops in front line trenches) he will be expected to 
send a message — customarily but improperly called a " report " — 

similar to that of Lieutenant M on page 73. Receipt of such 

messages assures the commander that all is in readiness before his 
signal or zero hour sets in motion an attack. 

78. Daily Intelligence Report. — The officer has also to make 

^ Supplement to the London Gazette, 10 July, 1917. 



REPORTS 



83 



his daily intelligence report, affording information of the enemy and 
an account of the work of his command under several prescribed 
heads. A sample form of battalion intelligence report is provided 
in the accompanying illustration. 

The marginal specifications leave the writer little opportunity 
to forget anything of importance and no opportunity to confuse his 
material. Nevertheless, student soldiers should not infer that they 
will be so safeguarded at the front. Absence of such forms under 
combat conditions must be expected, and they must have acquired 
by practice the habit of supplying information on the requisite points. 



To: 
From 



Date. 



DAILY 


INTELLIGENCE SUMMARY 


A. INFORMATION 




ABOUT ENEMY 




ACTIVITY 




a. Artillery 
6. T. M. 




c. M. G. 




d. Sniping 

e. Rifle fire 




MOVEMENT 

AND CHANGE 
WORK 


[This form has been condensed. It should be under- 
stood that sufficient space is left for remarks against each 
heading.] 


WIRE 




IDENTIFICATION 




RUSES 




GAS 




RETALIATION 




BOMBS AND 




RIFLE GRE- 




NADES 




LIGHTS AND 




SIGNALS 


• 



84 



MILITARY ENGLISH 



B. INFORMATION 

ABOUT OUR 
OWN LINES 

a. Artillery 

h. T. M. 

c. M. G. 

d. Sniping 

e. Rifle fire 
CASUALTIES AND 

THEIR CAUSES 

WEAK POINTS 
IN OUR OWN 
LINES 

RETALIATION 

WORK 

WIRING 

O. P.'s & S. P.'s 

DETECTED BY 
ENEMY 

RUSES AND 
THEIR RE- 
SULTS 

C. PATROLS 
a. Enemy 
h. Our own 

D. REMARKS 

Time 



Signed Bn. Intelligence Officer 
for O. C. Bn. 



79. Combat Reports. — The type of report following an attack 
of several hours' or a few days' duration is not precisely fixed in form. 
It may be presented as a diary (see the example on page 93) . It 
may be, and often is, submitted as a rather extended field message 
on consecutive Field Message Blanks. One requirement should be 



REPORTS 85 

insisted on, and that is that the events be carefully arranged in 
sequence of time. Follow the order of events and the report 
will be clear. Not infrequently an officer will confuse the time 
sequence by carrying too far along the operations of one place. 
Certainly in a complicated report of the action of several units the 
details may be thus arranged : first, a general account, then several 
more detailed accounts of the action of each unit. But the units 
must be clearly separated. And each should be treated in the chrono- 
logical order of events. 

A report should divide the action into stages, represented by sepa- 
rate paragraphs. These stages usually correspond to periods of 
tiifle, as afternoon or night or the duration of a counter attack or 
bombardment. One paragraph will concern a departure for attack, 
another the passage across No Man's Land, another the immediate 
activities on taking possession of the enemy front line trench. 

Another principle, however, prevents these paragraph divisions 
from becoming clearly fixed. Some are short, some are long, because 
they deal with matters of varying importance. The principle of pro- 
portion leads the writer to say a great deal perhaps about one 
of these stages, and very little about another. The passage across 
No Man's Land may be uneventful, and require but two or three 
lines. Again, it may be full of incident, requiring detail, or it may 
be a matter of days with hold-ups in shell holes, in which case its 
stages will provide material for a series of paragraphs. 

A normal and satisfactory report will be seen in that of the Second 
Platoon of Co. D. The action spoken of is a part of the offensive 
against Cantigny,i May 28, 1918. Notice its clear division, its pre- 

^ The ofifensive against Cantigny — at the apex of the German salient aimed at 
Amiens — was the first attack and capture of enemy territory in Europe by the United 
States Army. The attack was delivered at C : 45 a.m., May 28, on a front of one and 
one-quarter miles. The Americans, supported by French heavy guns and tanks. 



86 MILITARY ENGLISH 

cise detail, and firmness of spirit. It is customary for a commander, 
whether in long or short reports, of large or small units, to commend 
his subordinates who have displayed exceptional ability and courage. 

From Lt. M 



At Petit Troissy 

Date 6/1/18 How Sent — Personally 

To C O Co. D. 2d Brig. M. G. Bn. 

1. 2d Platoon Jumped off from crest of hill above old Co. P. C. at 
6.45 A.M. 5/28/18. Strength of platoon 9 men per gun, 3 Sgts. & 1 officer. 
Each gun carried 2572 rounds of amm. 

2. Formation — piece column — 30 paces between pieces, 5 paces be- 
tween men. 

3. Crossed German front line trench about 6.50 a.m. No Hun Art. fire 

to speak of, but scattered M. G. fire. Pvt. L was wounded by M. G. 

fire just before crossing our old front line. 

4. Arrived at final obj. about 7.05 a.m. and immediately began to dig in 
after placing the 4 guns in shell holes for defence of the position. Art. fire 
began to get heavy about 7.10. Nine men were wounded by Art. fire before 
7.30 and two men killed. 

5. Position was shelled by heavy & light H. E. continuously for 2 hrs. 
after reaching obj. 

6. We were fairly well dug in by 10.00 a.m. but continued to dig all dur- 
ing our time in the line. 

7. Hun attempted two counter attacks afternoon of the 28th. Our 
position was under Him Art. fire for 4 hrs. during first attack, and about 
2 hrs. during 2d attack. Line held in front. 

8. During night were shelled by many H. E. and "Flying Pigs." No 
losses. 

captured the fortified village, took 200 prisoners, and inflicted severe losses on the 
Huns. They rapidly dug themselves in, and during May 29 and 30 repulsed many 
counter attacks. A full account of this brilliant achievement appeared in the Neio 
York Times Current History, July, 1918, pp. 57 ff. 



REPORTS 87 

9. Fairly quiet morning of 5/29/18. He shelled position heavy during 
afternoon and put down barrage on position during his attempted counter 
attack. During this time heavy Art. fire from rear was hitting in position. 
Ordered No. 6 gun to move back out of fire. Moved in perfect order and 
when shelling from rear was over old position immediately taken up again. 
Was shelled during night, and about 3 a.m. 5/30/' 18 Hun dropped his barrage 
for about 45 minutes. From 4.30 a.m. until about 10.15 all was quiet. He 
then began to shell again, and continued to shell until after his attempted 
counter attack failed that afternoon. 

10. Had light shelling during night with "Flying Pigs" and 77's. 

11. Was relieved about 3.00 a.m. of 5/31/'18. No losses while being 
relieved. 

'Sgt. E showed coolness and contempt of danger by visiting gun 

positions during heavy art. fire to cheer men up and see that all was going 
well. He also exposed himself to art. fire to dig members of the 7th squad 
out. He more than performed his duties without the least hesitation of 
fear, and showed himself to be every inch of a man. 

Mech. L deliberately exposed himself to heavy art. fire to care 

for the wounded. He and Pvt. S carried Pvt. M back to aid 

station under fire, and then started back to position while Hun art. was very 

active. Pvt. S was wounded on way back, and L carried him 

back to aid station and then reported back to his platoon while the Hun art. 
was very heavy on that position. He showed coolness and a contempt for 
the Hun art. and deserves the greatest credit for same. 

All men in platoon did their duty, and showed the very best of courage. 

J. H. M 

Lt. 

With this report, the report of the Third Platoon may well be 
compared not for comment on the course of the military action, but 
as a specimen of composition. It will be found not so easy to follow. 
And this disadvantage will be seen to arise from (1) the lack of clear 
paragraph divisions, the actions of the 5th and 6th sections being 



88 MILITARY ENGLISH 

not easily distinguishable ; and (2) the neglect to divide this action 
of several days into stages. Further, the report compresses into one 
sentence the events of three days. Were it not for the reports of 
other platoons, we could not determine on what day the action began. 



From Third Platoon Co. D 2d Bg M G Bn 

Date 2 June 18 

To C. O. Co. D 2d Bg M G Bn. 

Platoon was in position at 2 : 30 a.m. 5th section in jumping off trench 

No. 1, Lt. M s in charge. 6th section in jumping off trench No. 2, Lt. 

R in charge, both sections on left flank of Co. L, 28 Inf. At zero hour, 

6 : 45, both sections moved, 5th section in skirmish line and 6th section with 
gun crews leading advanced in communication trench and reached a front 
line trench at the same time as the 5th section. 6th section mounted guns 
one in a shell hole 10 yds. in front of old front line and the other in the old 
front line, both guns opened fire immediately on snipers and German front 
line, the gun in shell hole w^as placed in old front line as soon as an Emp. 
was made. Both guns remained in these positions until relieved by Co. B. 

1st Bg M G Bn at 4 : 00 a.m., May 31-1918. Pvts. G , S & P • 

were wounded — and Pvt. V Co. M 28 Inf. killed. Pvt. K 



Gunner showed bravery and coolness under fire of enemy machine gun fire, 
killed or wounded several enemy snipers f?om trees and on the ground. 5th 
Section after getting through the wire mounted guns and began firing. Lt. 

M s was wounded at tliis time. By orders of Lt. M s guns were 

dismounted and advanced to within 50 yds. of enemy front line. The entire 
10th squad being killed or wounded during the advance. The 9th squad 
after firing all their ammunition dismounted gun and lay 15 hours in a shell 
hole and returned to old front line during the night. 

Corporal J of 9th squad displayed bravery and coolness in that he 

kept his squad intact and returned with the remainder of his squad and gun. 

Sgt. K displayed bravery & coolness in assisting Platoon commander 

after being wounded. He directed the fire until all ammunition was ex- 



REPORTS 89 

pended and crawled back to old front line to report and all the time being 
under fire of enemy machine guns. 

Pvts. P , P , S were killed. Pvts. R , B , S , 

J. A. R , W O. D., K , S , M Inf., W Inf., 

McD Inf., Lt. M s were wounded. 

Lt. R 



Platoon Commander 

80. Cautions. — Several cautions follow which should govern 
the writing of both messages and reports : 

1. In messages and reports state only verified facts. 

2. Reports should not be colored to make out a strong case for 
th^ writer's command. 

3. Do not overstate the force of the enemy. 

4. Do not call for reenforcements when the need is slight. 

5. Praise only those subordinates who show exceptional courage 
or ability. 

6. In messages give too much information rather than too little. 

7. See that the heading is fully made out. 

8. State the source of all information which is not your own. 

9. When a conjecture seems worth forwarding, state it as a con- 
jecture and not as a fact. 

81. Special Types of Report. — Several special types of report 
have been developed by the conditions of trench warfare. In ad- 
dition to the Daily Intelligence Report, forms are here reproduced 
of the Shell Report, Snipers' Report, and Patrol Report. They will 
be seen to go through special channels, and they supplement the 
Daily Intelligence Report. The student should not regard the forms 
as in any way fixed. Constant modifications are taking place. It is 
useful practice, nevertheless, to fill in the forms with imaginary data, 
and greater realism can be obtained if the student uses them as a 
basis for his imagined conditions. 



90 



MILITARY ENGLISH 



To Oflficer Commanding Scouts, 
Bn. 

SHELL REPORT 



Date 



POST 



rs. P. 



10. p. 



Covering whole front from 



to 



No 


OF 


Time 


Place 


Size 


Type of 
Shells 


No. OP Un- 
exploded 


Damage 


Casualties 


Shells 


T.M. 


















• 



Remarks 



Time- 



Signed 



Observer 



To Officer Commanding Scouts, 
Bn. 

SNIPERS' REPORT 



Date 



^^^^\0.P. 



Snipers on Duty 



INFORMATION ABOUT 

ENEMY 
INFORMATION ABOUT OUR 

OWN LINES 
REMARKS : 
CASUALTIES 
NEW S. H. COMPLETED 
AEROPLANES, ETC. 



Time- 



Signed 



> Snipers. 



REPORTS 91 

To Officer Commanding Scouts, Date : Night of 7 & 8 April, '18. 

. Bn. No. of Patrol. 

PATROL REPORT 

R] 

L ) Sector between 1'2 p.m. and 4 a.m. 

CJ 



GROUND COVERED 

DISPOSITION OF ENEMY 

BOMBING 

ARTILLERY & T. M. 

FLARES 

SPECIAL INFORMATION : 

or. Sounds 

h. Wire 

c. What seen 
REMARKS OR SUGGESTIONS 



Time 



S^g^^d 1 Scouts. 



EXERCISES 



1. Make a copy of each of the forms provided in this chapter and fill it 
in with imaginary data. 

2. Rewrite the report of the Third Platoon of Co. D given on page 88, 
making clear paragraph divisions and supplementing with information similar 
to that in the report of the Second Platoon. 

3. Write a report of some recent exercise of the military unit in which 
you are enlisted. 

4. Write a report of a Relief, a Trench Raid, or a Trench-to-Trench 
Attack (see Operation Orders, pp. o3-G5). 



CHAPTER IX 

DIARIES 

82. Need of Keeping a Diary. — The report, when it is made 
up some days after an action, requires more than the officer's memory 
to serve as a foundation. Vivid as are the experiences of battle, he 
will let slip details of time and place and personnel. He has been 
relieved and is behind the lines, unable to verify details, as he writes, 
by looking over the ground. Accordingly, orders and carbons of 
field messages, which he should retain, supply material for report. 

The best means, however, for insuring good material in a report 
is to keep a diary, and to endeavor daily, under no matter what 
hardships, to complete the record of each day. Writing the report 
then becomes chiefly a matter of composition, and without much 
reshaping, for both the diary and the report naturally are arranged 
according to the sequence of events. Some days will be more fully 
recorded, and some less, than their relative importance requires — 
conditions at one time favoring, and at another denying, oppor- 
tunity for extended memoranda. Therefore, in copying diary ma- 
terial into a report, the writer must both compress and expand the 
records of individual days. 

83. A Specimen Diary. — A diary is given here of the same 
general action — the offensive against Cantigny — which has supplied 
examples of field messages and reports, with the purpose of affording 
means of comparison. How much better material for reporting is 
provided by this diary than by the field messages. 

92 



DIARIES 93 

On Active Service 

WITH THE 

American Expeditionary Forces 

1 June 1918 

Sunday evening 26 May 1918 at 8 : 45 (approx.) p.m., 18 men and 2 officers 
started from Masoncell as reconnoissance party for the machine gun com- 
pany attached to the 3d Bn. 28th Inf. There was one man from each squad, 
and each section sergeant. They were placed in the truck with the company 
they were to advance with. 

Detrucking at N. W. exit of Rocquencourt, the representatives of each 
squad followed the company to the jumping off place, taking up approximate 
position the guns would take. The 1st section took position on right flank 
of second wave of M. Co. The trench was crowded, so an empty trench 
about 30 yds. in front of 2d jumping off trench was found and I decided to 
use it. 

27 May 1918 

At about 5 : 30 a.m. I was in P. C. of M. G. Co. 18th Inf. with Lt. M s 

and Lt. T . A bombardment began to sound like a barrage. Lt. T 

went out to look around. Not much after, some one put his head into 
the dugout door shouting "The Germans are coming ! Retreat!" or words 

to that effect. Lt. M s and I both went out as fast as we could with 

guns cocked, asking who yelled that. We did not find him. 

I picked up one infantryman, advanced thru the rear line of what seemed 
to be a box barrage, to edge of woods on top of the hill. There found three 
more infantrymen, who claimed their Lt. and their corporal had both gone 
back. They were from the 4th platoon of Co. H 28th Inf. We held that 
position until things became quieter. 

Lt. M s told me that he had inspected each jumping off position 

then during the raid had gathered infantrymen and held a line on my left 
at edge of woods on high ground. 

At approx. 7 p.m. I took one guide for each section back to 500 N. W. of 
Rocquencourt. Guided my section to jumping off trench. 



94 MILITARY ENGLISH 

28 May 1918 

At H hour we jumped on top in skirmish line, fell in behind 1st rank of 
2d wave of M Co., advanced in good shape without loss. 

When objective was reached the guns took position in shell holes about 
30 yds. in front of where 2d wave started digging. I made the mistake of 
putting amm. carriers in old Hun trench. I remembered instruction of a 
British officer advising against using old Hun trenches, and changed men 
to a shell hole. About 7 : 30 two men, D & E , were wounded be- 
fore I could get them out of Hun trench. My idea of time is not accurate 
but Hun bombardment came down 15 to 30 minutes after objective was 
reached, lasting for about two hours. During brief letup I had men dig into 
sides of shell holes so a direct hit might not get all of the men. About 
11 : 30 A.M. another SeVere bombardment. I had not more than three men 

in a hole. One hole was hit, killing T and wounding slightly D 

an infantryman amm. carrier attached to 1st squad. A fragment hit re- 
ceiver of gun of 1st squad putting it out of commission. 

Intermittent shelling the rest of the day and night. At night I started 
digging sap to rear, to infantry trench. 

29 May 1918 

I kept men below top, with one man as lookout at all times. I counted 
seven different minute intervals determined average of 5 or 6 shells a minute 
dropping in about 300 yds. radius. I also counted seven groups of fifteen 
shells. About one in fifteen were duds. 

At 3 : 45 P.M. a severe bombardment lasted two hours. Infantry in 
front of us retired to line behind us. At 7 : 45 p.m. another two hour bom- 
bardment. Intermittent shelling all night. 

30 May 1918 

Very quiet day. Intermittent shelling. 

31 May 1918 

Relieved by B Co. 1st Brig. M. G. Bn. at 4 a.m. 

Note : I wish to especially mention Corporal 1j for cool behavior 

during heavy bombardment ; for daring as a lookout when shells were fall- 



DIARIES 95 

ing very close ; and for his supreme good morale, thereby elevating that of 
the whole squad and section. 

I also wish to mention Sgt. R , act. cpl. B , Pvts. E , N , 

L , B — ■ — , C and H for determination in sticking to gun when 

infantry had retired to trench in rear of us, thereby leaving no one between 
us and the Hun. 

W N 

M Lt. U. S. II. 

Such diaries as this, any and every platoon leader may h^ye 
occasion to write. And to such material as this, the final histories 
of the war will have recourse in tracing the successes and failures of 
major plans. 

84. Headquarters Diary. — The war diary kept at headquarters 
serves for the larger command in precisely the same way. The 
keeping of this diary is prescribed in the Army Regulations, § 446 
and Field Service Regulations, § 35. Since, however, it is usually 
kept by the adjutant, and hardly one lieutenant in twenty will have 
such duty, brief treatment will suffice for the scope of this book. 

The war diary may be prepared by an officer specially detailed 
for this purpose. In any case its daily record will be attested by the 
commander or his adjutant. Battalions, higher organizations, and 
trains keep diaries, and forward them daily to the next higher com- 
mander. He transmits them direct to the War Department, as do 
commanders of armies and of units which are not component parts 
of a higher command. 

85. The contents form a concise history of military operations, 
in units of the calendar, twenty-four hour, day. Copies of orders 
and messages sent and received are attached. Each day's entry 
begins with a march table, or a statement of the location or opera- 
tions of the command. This includes an account of the weather, 
health of troops, state of road, camp, etc. ; it renders further ac- 



96 MILITARY ENGLISH 

count of the supply of ammunition, rations, equipment, and forage. 
The body of the entry consists of a chronological record of events 
with copies or summaries of the contents of orders and messages. 
The precise hour and place are recorded for the following items : 
(1) beginning of a movement or action; (2) sending of orders and 
important messages ; (3) receipt of orders and important messages ; 
(4) ending of a movement. When recording an engagement which 
has ended, the war diary will report captures and losses; it will 
also have attached a sketch showing successive positions of the com- 
aaand in important phases of the action. 



CHAPTER X 

FAMOUS ORDERS AND EXAMPLES OF MARTIAL 

ELOQUENCE 

WASHINGTON'S ORDER OF THE DAY ANNOUNCING THE ARRIVAL 
OF THE FRENCH ARMY UNDER THE COUNT DE ROCHAMBEAU 

Head-quarters, near Passaic, 20 July, 1780. 

The Commander-in-chief has the pleasure to congratulate the army on 
the arrival of a large land and naval armament at Rhode Island, sent by 
his Most Christian Majesty to cooperate with the troops of these States 
against the common enemy, accompanied with every circumstance that can 
render it honorable and useful. The generosity of this succour, and the 
manner in which it is given, is a new tie between France and America. The 
lively concern, which our allies manifest for our safety and independence, 
has a claim to the affection of every virtuous citizen. The General with 
confidence assures the army, that the officers and men of the French forces 
come to our aid, animated with a zeal founded in sentiment for us, as well as 
in duty to their prince, and that they will do everything in their power to 
promote harmony and cultivate friendship. He is equally persuaded that 
on our part we shall vie with them in their good dispositions, to which we 
are excited by gratitude as well as by a common interest ; and that the only 
contention between the two armies will be to excel each other in good offices, 
and in the display of every military virtue. This will be the pledge of the 
most solid advantages to the common cause, and of a glorious issue to the 
campaign. 

G. Washington. 
H 97 



98 MILITARY ENGLISH 

WASHINGTON'S CONGRATULATORY ORDER TO THE ALLIED ARMY 
AFTER THE SURRENDER OF LORD CORNWALLIS AT YORKTOWN 

After Orders, 20tL October, 1781. 

The General congratulates the army upon the glorious event of yester- 
day. The generous proofs which his Most Christian Majesty has given of 
his attachment to the cause of America must force conviction on the minds 
of the most deceived among the enemy relative to the good consequences 
of the alliance, and inspire every citizen of these States with sentiments of 
the most unalterable gratitude. His fleet, the most numerous and powerful 
that ever appeared in these seas, commanded by an admiral whose fortune 
and talents insure great events — an army of the most admirable composi- 
tion, both in officers and men, are the pledges of his friendship to the United 
States, and their co-operation has secured us the present signal success. 

The General on this occasion entreats his Excellency Count de Ro- 
chambeau to accept his most grateful acknowledgments for his coimsels at 
all times ; he presents his warmest thanks to the Generals Baron de Viomenil, 
Chevalier Chastellux, Marquis de Saint Simon, and Count de Viomenil, and 
to Brigadier-General de Choisy (who had a separate command), for the 
illustrious manner in which they have advanced the interests of the common 
cause. He requests that Count de Rochambeau will be pleased to communi- 
cate to the army under his immediate command the high sense he entertains 
of the distinguished merits of the officers and soldiers of every corps, and 
that he will present in his name to the regiments of Agenois and Deuxponts 
the two pieces of brass ordnance captured by them (as a testimony of their 
gallantry) in storming the enemy's redoubt on the night of the 14th inst., 
when officers and men so universally vied with each other in the exercise of 
every soldierly virtue. 

The General's thanks to each individual of merit would comprehend the 
whole army, but he thinks himself bound by affection, duty, and gratitude, 
to express his obligations to Major-Generals Lincoln, Lafayette, and Steuben 
for dispositions in the trenches, to General Du Portail and Colonel Carney 
[Querenet?] for the vigor and knowledge which were conspicuous in the 
conduct of the attacks, and to General Knox and Colonel d'Aboville for 



FAMOUS ORDERS 99 

their great care, attention, and fatigue in bringing forward the artillery and 
stores, and for their judicious and spirited arrangement of them in the 
parallels. He requests the gentlemen above mentioned to communicate 
his thanks to the oflBcers and soldiers of their respective commands. In- 
gratitude, which the General hopes never to be guilty of, would be con- 
spicuous in him was he to omit thanking in the warmest terms his Excellency 
Govferhbr Nelson for the aid he has received from him and from the militia 
under his command, to whose activity, emulation, and courage much ap- 
plause is due. The greatness of the acquisition will be an ample compensa- 
tion for the hardships and hazards which they encountered with so much 
patriotism and firmness. 

In order to diffuse the general joy through every breast, the General 
orjers that those men, belonging to the army, who may now be in confine- 
ment shall be pardoned, released, and join their respective corps. Divine 
service is to be performed to-morrow in the several brigades and divisions. 
The commander-in-chief recommends that the troops not on duty 'should 
universally attend with that seriousness of deportment and gratitude of 
heart which the recognition of such reiterated and astonishing interpositions 
of Providence demand of us. 

G. Washington. 

LETTERS FROM LAFAYETTE TO WASHINGTON 

[All Lafayette's letters to Washington, as well as to other Americans, were written 
in English. When he joined the American Army as a volunteer in 1777, he was only 

19 years old.] 

Providence, 6th August, 1778. 
Dear General, — 

Anything, my dear General, you will order, or even wish, shall always 
be infinitely agreeable to me, and I will always feel happy in doing anything 
which may please you, or forward the public good. I am of the same opinion 
as your excellency, that dividing our continental troops among the militia, 
will have a better effect thah if we were to keep them together in one wing. . . 

The Count d'Estaing was very glad of my arrival, as he could open freely 
his mind to me. He expressed the greatest anxiety on account of his wants 



of every kind, provisions, water, etc. ; he hopes the taking of Rhode Island 
will enable him to get some of the two above-mentioned articles. The 
admiral wants me to join the French troops to these I command, as soon as 
possible. I confess I feel very happy to think of my co-operating with them, 
and, had I contrived in my mind an agreeable dream, I could not have wished 
a more pleasing event than my joining my countrymen with my brothers of 
America, under my command, and the same standards. When I left Europe, 
I was very far from hoping such an agreeable turn of our business in the 
American glorious revolution. 



At the Entrance of Boston Harbour, April 27, 1780. 

Here I am, my dear general, and, in the midst of the joy I feel in finding 
myself again one of your loving soldiers, I take but the time to tell you that 
I came from France on board a frigate which the king gave me for my pas- 
sage. I have affairs of the utmost importance which I should at first com- 
municate to you alone. In case my letter finds you anywhere this side of 
Philadelphia, I beg you will wait for me, and do assure you a great public 
good may be derived from it. To-morrow we go up to the town, and the 
day after I shall set off in my usual way to join my beloved and respected 
friend and general. 

Adieu, my dear general ; you will easily know the hand of your young 
soldier. 

My compliments to the family. 



Holt's Forge, 1st Sept., 1781. 
My dear General, — From the bottom of my heart I congratulate you 
upon the arrival of the French fleet. . . . Thanks to you, my dear general, 
I am in a very charming situation, and find myself at the head of a beautiful 
body of troops ; but am not so hasty as the Count de Grasse, and think 
that, having so sure a game to play, it would be madness, by the risk of an 
attack, to give anything to chance. 



FAMOUS ORDERS 101 

It appears Count de Grasse is in a great hurry to return ; he makes it a 
point to put upon my expressions such constructions as may favour his plan. 
They have been pleased to adopt my ideas, as to the sending of vessels into 
James River, and forming a junction at Jamestown. I wish they maj^ also 
force the passage at York, because then his lordship has no possibility of 
escape. 

The delay of Count de Grasse's arrival, the movement of the grand 
army, and the alarm there was at York have forced me, for greater security', 
to send a part of the troops to the south side of James River. To-morrow 
and the day after will be employed in making dispositions for covering a 
landing, which will be done with continentals discumbered of baggage ; and 
on the 5th, agreeable to the count's desire, a junction will be made of our 
troops. I shall then propose to the French general the taking of a safe 
position, within ten or twelve miles of York; such a one as cannot be forced 
without a much greater loss than we could suffer. And, unless matters are 
very different from what I think they are, my opinion is, that we ought to 
be contented with preventing the enemy's forages, and fatiguing them by 
alarming their picquets with militia, without committing our regulars. 
Whatever readiness the Marquis de St. Simon has been pleased to express 
to Colonel Gimat, respecting his being under me, I shall do nothing without 
paying that deference which is due to age, talents, and experience; but 
would rather incline to the cautious line of conduct I have of late adopted. 
General Portail must be now with Count de Grasse. He knows your in- 
tentions, and our course will be consulted in our movements. 

Lord Cornwallis has still one way to escape ; he may land at West Point, 
and cross James River, some miles below Point of Fork ; but I thought this 
part was the most important, as the other route is big with obstacles. How- 
ever, to prevent even a possibility, I would wish some ships were above 
York. . . . 

Adieu, my dear general, the agreeable situation I am in is owing to your 
friendship, and is, for that reason, the dearer to your respectful servant and 
friend. 

Lafayette. 



102 MILITARY ENGLISH 

NAPOLEON'S ORDER TO THE ARMY IN ITALY 

To His Brothers in Arms 

Headquarters, Mjlan, 1 Prairial, Year IV. 
(20 May, 1796) 

Soldiers ! You have precipitated yourselves like q, torrent from the top 
of the Apennines ; you have overturned, dispersed and scattered everything 
which opposed your march ! 

Piedmont, delivered from Austrian tyranny, has yielded to her ng,tural 
sentiments of pcjace and friendship for France. 

Milan is yours, and the Republican standard floats over all Lombardy. 

The dukes of Parma and Modena owe their political existence to your 
generosity alone. 

The army which menaced you with so much pride now finds no barrier 
which can insure it against your courage. 

The Po, the Ticino, the Adda, have not been able to arrest you a single 
day; these vaunted bulwarks of Italy have been insufficient; you have 
crpssed them as rapidly as you did the Apennines. 

So many successes have carried joy to the bosom of the country ; your 
representatives have ordered a fete, dedicated to your victories, to be cele- 
brated in all communes of the Republic ; there your fathers, your mothers, 
your wives, your sisters, your sweethearts, rejoice in your success, and boast 
with pride that they belong to you. 

Yes, soldiers, you have done much ; but yet, is there nothing left to do? 
Shall they say of us that we have known how to conquer, but that we haye 
not known how to profit by victory? Shall posterity reproach us with 
having found a Capua in Lombardy ? But I see you already run to arms ; 
a cowardly repose wearies you; days lost for glory are lost for your happi- 
ness. Well, let us be gone ! We yet have forced marches to make, enemies 
to suppress, laurels to gather, injuries to avenge. 

Let those who have sharpened the daggers of civil war in France, who 
have, like cowards, assassinated our ministers, and burned our ships in 
Toulon, tremble ! The hour of vengeance has struck ! 



FAMOUS ORDERS 103 

But let the people be without disquiet ; we are friends of all peoples, 
and especially of the descendants of Brutus, of Scipio, and of the great men 
whom we have taken as models. To reestablish the Capitol, to place there 
with honor the statues of the heroes who made themselves celebrated, awake 
the Roman people, benumbed with several centuries of slavery, such shall 
be the fruit of your victories. They will make an epoch in posterity. You 
will have the immortal glory of changing the face of the most beautiful part 
of Europe. 

The French people, free, respected by the whole world, will give to 
Europe a glorious peace, which will indemnify it for the sacrifices of all 
kinds it has made in the past six years ; you will then go back to your hearth- 
stones, and your fellow citizens will say in pointing yoii out : "He was of the 

Army of Italy !" 
• Bonaparte. 

[On reading over this proclamation one day at St. Helena, the Emperor exclaimed : 
"And yet they have the folly to say I could not \^rite !" — Las Cases, III, p. 86.] 

NAPOLEON'S ADDRESS TO HIS TROOPS AT THE BATTLE OF THE 

PYRAMIDS, JULY 21, 1798 

["Pour toute harangue, Bonaparte leur addresse ces mots, qu'on pent regarder 
comme le sublime de I'eloquence militaire." — Lacretelle, XIV, p. 267.] 

Soldats ! vous allez combattre aujourd'hui les dominateurs de I'Egypte ; 
songez que du haut de ces Pyramides, quarante siecles vous contemplent ! 

NAPOLEON'S ORDER FOR THE BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ 

General Dispositions for the Day of the 11th 

In Bivouac in Front of Brunn, 10 Frimaire, Year XIV. 
(December 1, 1805), 8.30 p.m. 

Marshal Soult will give orders so that his three divisions shall be placed 
beyond the ravine (Bosenitz Brook) at seven o'clock in the morning, in 
such a manner as to be ready to commence the manoeuvre of the day, which 



J.fXXJ_/J- X iT.J.t X JJJl^ VJX/XkJIXi 



is to be a march forward by echelons, the right wing leading. Marshal 
Soult will be personally, at half-past seven in the morning, near the emperor 
at his bivouac. 

His Highness Prince Murat will give orders to the cavalry of General 
Kellermann, to that of Generals Walther, Beaumont, Nansouty and Haut- 
poul, so that the divisions may be placed at seven o'clock in the morning 
between the left of Marshal Soult and the right of Marshal Lannes, in a 
manner to occupy the least possible space, and so that at the moment when 
Marshal Soult shall begin his march, all the cavalry under the orders of 
Prince Murat shall pass the brook, and find itself placed in the centre of the 
army. 

General Caffarelli is ordered to move at seven o'clock in the morning 
with his divisions so as to place himself on the right of Suchet's division, 
after having passed the brook. As Suchet's division will place itself in two 
lines, Caffarelli's division will also place itself in two lines, each brigade 
forming one line, and thus the space which Suchet's division occupies at 
this moment will be suJ05cient for these two divisions. 

Marshal Lannes will observe that Suchet's and Caffarelli's divisions 
are always to be beliind the ridge in such a manner as not to be observed by 
the enemy. 

Marshal Bernadotte with his two infantry divisions will move at seven 
o'clock in the morning into the same position which is occupied to-day, the 
10th, by Caffarelli's division, except that his left shall be close to and behind 
the San ton (hill), and will remain there in column by regiments. 

Marshal Lannes will order a division of grenadiers to place itself in line 
in front of his present position, the left behind the right of General Caffarelli. 
General Oudinot will reconnoitre the debouch where he is to pass the 
brook, which debouch will be the same by which Marshal Soult shall have 
passed. 

Marshal Davout, with Friant's division and the division of dragoons of 
General Bourcier, will start at five o'clock in the morning from the Raigern 
Abbe3^ to reach the right of Marshal Soult. Marshal Soult will dispose of 
Gudin's division when it shall reach him. 

At half-past seven the marshals will be near the emperor in his bivouac. 



FAMOUS ORDERS 105 

so that, according to the movements the enemy may have made during the 
night, he may give new orders. 

The cavalry of Marshal Bernadotte, in consequence of the above dis- 
positions, is placed under the orders of Marshal Murat, who will indicate 
to it the hour it is to leave so as to be in position at seven o'clock. 

Prince Murat will equally dispose of the light cavalry of Marshal Lannes. 

All the troops will remain in the dispositions indicated above until new 
orders. 

As the cavalry of Prince Murat must in its first position occupy as little 
space as possible, he will put it in column. 

Marshal Davout will find at the Abbey a squadron and a half of the 21st 
regiment of dragoons, which he will send to the bivouac. 

Each of the marshals will give the orders which apply to him in conse- 
quence of the present dispositions. 

Napoleon. 



NAPOLEON'S PROCLAMATION ON HIS RETURN FROM ELBA 

To THE Army 

GoLFE JouAN, 1 March, 1815. 

Soldiers ! In my exile I have heard your voice. I have come to you 
through every obstacle, every danger. 

Your general, called to the throne by the voice of the people and raised 
on your bucklers, is back among you ; come to him ! 

Pluck off the colors that the nation has proscribed, and that, for twenty- 
five years, were the rallying point of all the enemies of France. Put on the 
tricolor cockade ; you wore it in our great days. 

Take again these eagles which you had at Ulm, at Austerlitz, at Jena, 
at Eylau, at Friedland, at Tudela, at Eckmiihl, at Essling, at Wagram, at 
Smolensk, at the Moskowa, at Lutzen, at Wurschen, at Montmirail ! Do 
you believe that the little handful of Frenchmen who are so arrogant to-day 
can support their sight .^ They will return whence they came; there let 
them reign as they pretend that they did reign these last nineteen years. 



106 MILITARY ENGLISH 

Soldiers, rally around the standard of your chief ! Victory will advance 
at the double ! The Eagle, with the national colors, will fly from steeple 
to steeple to the towers of Notre Dame. Then will you be able to display 
your honorable scars. Then will you be able to claim the credit of your 
deeds, as the liberators of your country. In your old age, surrounded and 
honored by your fellow-citizens, all will respectfully listen while you narrate 
your great deeds ; you will be able to say with pride : "And I also was one 
of that Grand Army that twice entered the walls of Vienna, of Rome, of 
Berlin, of Madrid, of Moscow, and that cleansed Paris from the stain left 
on it by treason and the presence of the enemy !" 

Napoleon. 

GENERAL GRANT'S LETTER TO THE COMMANDANT OF FORT 

DONELSON 

Hd-Qrs., Army in the Field 
Camp near Donelson, Feb. 16th, 1862 
Gen. S. B. Buckner, 

Confed. Army, 

Sir: 
Yours of this date proposing Armistice, and appointment of Commis- 
sioners, to settle terms of Capitulation is just received. No terms except 
an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. 
I propose to move immediately upon your works. 

I am Sir, very respectfully 

Your obt. Sevt. 

U. S. Grant 

Brig. Gep. 

GENERAL GRANT'S ORDER AFTER THE BATTLE OF PORT GIBSON 

Hdqrs. Dept of the Tennessee 
General Orders, 

No. 32 In Field, Hankinson's Ferry, Miss., May 7, 1863. 

Soldiers of the Army of the Tennessee ! Once more I thank you for 
adding another victory to the long list of those previously won by your 



FAMOUS ORDERS 107 

valor and endurance. The triumph gained over the enemy near Port Gib- 
son, on the 1st instant, is one of the most important of the war. The cap- 
ture of five cannon and more than 1000 prisoners, the possession of Grand 
Gulf, and a firm foothold upon the highlands between the Big Black and 
Bayou Pierre, from whence we threaten the whole line of the enemy, are 
among the fruits of this brilliant achievement. The march from Milliken's 
Bend to a point opposite Grand Gulf was made in stormy weather, over the 
worst of roads ; bridges and ferries had to be constructed ; moving by night 
as well as by day, with labors incessant and extraordinary, privations have 
been endured by men and officers as have rarely been paralleled in any cam- 
paign. Not a murmur nor a complaint has been uttered. A few days' 
continuance of the same zeal and constancy will secure to this army the 
crowning victory over the rebellion. More difficulties and privations are 
before us. Let us endure them manfully. Other battles are to be fought. 
Let us fight them bravely. A grateful country will rejoice at our success, 
and history will record it with immortal honor. 

U. S. Grant, 

Major-General, Commanding. 

MARSHAL JOPFRE'S ORDER FOR BEGINNING THE FIRST BATTLE 

OF THE MARNE 

September 4, 1914 

1. It is fitting to take advantage of the rash situation of the First Ger- 
man Army to concentrate upon it the efforts of the Allied Armies on the 
extreme left. All dispositions will be made in the course of September 5 to 
start for the attack on September 6. 

2. The disposition to be carried out by the evening of September 5 
will be : 

(a) All the available forces of the Sixth Army to be to the northeast of 
Meaux, ready to cross the Ourcq between Lizy-sur-Ourcq and May-en- 
Multien, in the general direction of Chateau-Thierry. The available ele- 
ments of the First Cavalry Corps which are at hand will be placed for this 
operation under the orders of General Maunoury (commanding the Sixth 
Army) . 



108 MILITARY ENGLISH 

(6) The British Army will be posted on the front of Changis-Coulom- 
miers, facing eastward, ready to attack in the general direction of Montmirail. 

(c) The Fifth x\rmy, closing a little to its left, will post itself on the 
general front of Courtacon-Esternay-Sezanne, ready to attack in the general 
direction from south to north, the Second Cavalry Corps securing the con- 
nection between the British Army and the Fifth Army. 

(d) The Ninth Army will cover the right of the Fifth Army, holding the 
southern exits from the marsh of Saint-Gond and carrying part of its forces 
on to the plateau north of Sezanne. 

3. The offensive will be taken by these different armies on September 6, 
beginning in the morning. 

JOFFRE, 

General-in-chief of the French Armies. 



MARSHAL JOFFRE'S ORDER ON THE MORNING OF THE BATTLE OF 

THE MARNE 

6 September, 1914. 

At the moment when a battle on which the safety of the country depends 
is about to begin, it is necessary to remind all that it is no longer the time to 
look behind ; all efforts must be employed in attacking and driving back the 
enemy ! Troops which can advance no farther must, cost what it may, 
hold the conquered ground and allow themselves to be killed on the spot 
rather than give way. 

In such circumstances, no faltering can be tolerated. 

JoFFRE 



MARSHAL FOCH'S DISPATCH DURING THE BATTLE OF THE 

MARNE 

My left has been rolled up, my right has been driven in ; therefore I 

attack with my center. 

FocH 



FAMOUS ORDERS 109 

GENERAL PERSHING'S SALUTATION AT THE TOMB OF 
LAFAYETTE, 15 JUNE, 1917 



Lafayette, nous voici 



FIELD MARSHAL HAIG'S ORDER DURING THE GERMAN OFFENSIVE 

OF 1918 

April 12, 1918. 
To all ranks of the British Army in France : 

Every position must be held to the last man. There must be no retire- 
ment. With our backs to the wall and believing in the justice of our cause, 
each of us must fight to the end. The safety of our homes and the freedom 
of mankind depend alike on the conduct of each one of us at this last moment. 

D. Haig, 
Commander-in-chief of the British Armies in Fi:ance. 

MARSHAL FOCH'S TELEGRAM TO GENERAL PERSHING ON THE 
FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF AMERICAN TROOPS IN FRANCE 

13 June, 1918. 
A year ago you brought to us the American sword. To-day we have 
seen it strike. It is the certain pledge of victory. By it our hearts are 
more closely united than ever. 

FocH 

MARSHAL PETAIN'S ORDER OF THE DAY AFTER THE SECOND 

BATTLE OF THE MARNE 

August 8, 1918. 

Four years of effort, with our staunch allies ; four years of trials stoically 
endured, begin to bear fruit. 

His fifth attempt in 1918 smashed, the invader retreats, his manpower 
decreases and his morale wavers, while at your side your American brothers 
have no sooner landed than they have made a baffled enemy feel the weight 
of their blows. 



110 MILITARY ENGLISH 

Incessantly placed in the advance guard of the allied peoples, you have 
prepared the triumphs of tomorrow. 

Not long ago I said to you : "Abnegation, patience; your comrades are 
arriving." 

To-day I say: "Tenacity, audacity; you shall force victory." 
Soldiers of France, I salute your banners illuminated with new glory. 

Petain 
Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies 



GENERAL MANGIN'S ORDER OF THE DAY THANKING THE AMER- 
ICAN TROOPS FOR THEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE OFFENSIVE 
AGAINST THE CHATEAU-THIERRY SALIENT 

August 7, 1918. 

Officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers of the Third American 
Army Corps : 

Shoulder to shoulder with your French comrades, you threw yourselves 
into the counter-oflFensive begun on July 18. You ran to it like going to a 
feast. Your magnificent dash upset and surprised the enemy, and your 
indomitable tenacity stopped counter-attacks by his fresh divisions. You 
have shown yourselves to be worthy sons of your great country and have 
gained the admiration of your brothers in arms. 

Ninety-one cannon, 7''200 prisoners, immense booty, and 10 kilometres 
of reconquered territory are your share of the trophies of this victory. Be- 
sides this, you have acquired a feeling of your superiority over the barbarian 
eneiny against whom the children of liberty are fighting. To attack him is 
to vanquish him. 

American comrades, I am grateful to you for the blood you generously 
spilled on the soil of my country. I am proud of hav'ing commanded you 
during such splendid days and to have fought with you for the deliverance 

of the world. 

Mangin 

The Commanding General of the 10th Army. 



FAMOUS ORDERS 111 

GENERAL PERSHING'S ORDER AFTER THE SECOND BATTLE OF 

THE MARNE 

August 27, 1918. 

It fills me with pride to record in general orders a tribute to the service 
achievements of the 1st and 3d Corps, comprising the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, '26th, 
28th, 32d, and 42d Divisions of the American Expeditionary Forces. 

You came to the battlefield at a crucial hour for the allied cause. For 
almost four years the most formidable army the world has yet seen had 
pressed its invasion of France and stood threatening its capital. At no 
time has that army been more powerful and menacing than when, on July 15, 
it struck again to destroy in one great battle the brave men opposed to it and 
to enforce its brutal will upon the world and civilization. 

Three days later, in conjunction with our allies, you counter-attacked. 
The allied armies gained a brilliant victory that marks the turning point 
of the war. You did more than to give the Allies the support to which, as 
a nation, our faith was pledged. You proved that our altruism, our pacific 
spirit, and our sense of justice have not blinded our virility or our courage. 

You have shown that American initiative and energy are as fit for the 
tasks of war as for the pursuits of peace. You have justly won unstinted 
praise from our Allies and the eternal gratitude of our countrymen. 

We have paid for our success with the lives of many of our brave com- 
rades. We shall cherish their memory always and claim for our history 
and literature their bravery, achievement, and sacrifice. 

This order will be read to all organizations at the first assembly forma- 
tions following its receipt. 

Pershing. 



MARSHAL PETAIN'S ORDER OF THE DAY ON THE SURRENDER 

OF GERMANY 

November 12, 1918 
To the French armies : During long months you have fought. History 
will record the tenacity and fierce energy displayed during these four years 
by our country which had to vanquish in order not to die. 



112 MILITARY ENGLISH 

To-morrow, in order better to dictate peace, you are going to carry your 
arms as far as the Rhine. Into that land of Alsace-Lorraine that is so dear 
to us you will march as liberators. You will go further; all the way into 
Germany to occupy lands which are the necessary guarantees for just repara- 
tion. 

France has suffered in her ravaged fields and in her ruined villages. The 
freed provinces have had to submit to intolerable vexations and odious 
outrages, but you are not to answer these crimes by the commission of vio- 
lences, wliich, under the spur of your resentment, may seem to you legitimate. 

You are to remain under discipline and to show respect to persons and 
property. You will know, after having vanquished your adversary by force 
of arms, how to impress him further by the dignity of your attitude, and the 
world will not know which to admire most, your conduct in success or your 
heroism in fighting. 

I address a fond and affectionate greeting to our dead whose sacrifices 
gave us the victory. And I send a message of salutation, full of sad affection, 
to the fathers, to the mothers, to the widows and orphans of France, who, 
in these days of national joy, dry their tears for a moment to acclaim the 
triumph of our arms. I bow my head before your magnificent flags. 

Vive la France ! 

Retain 

Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies 



LIST OF USUAL ABBREVIATIONS 

1. The following abbreviations are customary in routine military forms 
and correspondence. Periods are used after abbreviations in the A. G. D., 
but not necessarily on less formal records, especially when in capital letters. 

2. In abbreviations, ambiguity must be avoided. Calif, is better than 
CaL, which might be misread as Col. Use Colo. 

3. Abbreviations are often combined without spacing, as AGOWD, made 
up of AGO and WD. 



Addl. 


Additional 


AW 


Articles of War 


ADist. 


Artillery District 


AWOL 


Absent without leave 


Adjt. 


Adjutant 






Adm. 


Administrative 


B 


Base 


Adv. 


Advance 


Bg. 


Brigade 


AEF 


American Expeditionary 


Bks. 


Barracks 




Force 


Bn. 


Battalion 


Ahnt. 


Allotment 


Brig. 


Brigadier 


AM. 


Allotted 


Btnj. 


Battery 


Am. 


Ammunition 


Bull. 


Bulletin 


Amb. 


Ambulance 






Apmt. 


Appointment 


C.A. 


Coast Artillery 


Appd. 


Approved 


CAuth 


Civil Authorities 


Aptd. 


Appointed 


CAC 


Coast Artillery Corps 


AR 


Army Riegulations 


Cal. 


Calibre 


A.R. 


Automatic Rifle 


Capt. 


Captain 


Art. 


Artillery 


Cav. 


Cavalry 


Art. 


Artificer 


C.C.P. 


Committee on Classifica- 


ASAP 


Air Service Aeronautics 




tion of Personnel 




Production 


CDef 


Coast Defenses 


ASMA 


Air Service Military Aero- 


Ch. Stf. 


Chief of Staff 




nautics 


Cir. 


Circular 


Asst. 


Assistant 


C &GE 


Clothing and Garrison 


ATSR 


Army Transport Service 




Equipage 




Regulations 


C.G. 


Commanding General 



113 



114 



MILITARY ENGLISH 



Ck, 


Cook 


Engr. 


Engineer 




CI. 


Class 


ER 


Expert Rifleman 




Clo. 


Clothing 


ETS 


Expiration of Term of 


Cm. 


Casemate 




Service 




CO. 


Commanding Officer 








CO 


Company Orders 


FA 


Field Artillery 




Co. 


Company 


Far. 


Farrier 




C. of M. 


Certificate of Merit 


Fm. 


Fireman 




C. of 0. 


Chief of Ordnance 


FO 


Field Orders 




C. of S. 


Chief of Staff 


Fr. 


From 




Col. 


Colonel 


FSR 


Field Service Regulations 


Col. 


Column 


Ft. 


Fort 




Com. 


Commutation 








Comb. 


Combat 


Gar. 


Garrison 




Comdg. 


Commanding 


GCM{0) 


General Court 


Martial 


Conf. 


Confined 




(Order) 




Contd. 


Continued 


Gd. 


Guard 




Corp. 


Corporal 


Gen. or 






Cpl. 


Corporal 


Genl. 


General 




C.T. 


Communication Trench 


Cm. Ptr. 


Gun Pointer 




c. s. 


current series 


GO 


General Orders 








GOP 


General Orders. Post 


D 


Division 


G.S. 


General Staff 




D 


Director 








D 


Department 


H 


Hour 




Disch. 


Discharge 


HA 


Horse Artillery 




DC 


Dental Corps 


H.E. 


High Explosive 




Deps. 


Deposits 


Hon. 


Honorable 




Dept. 


Department 


Hosp. 


Hospital 




Det 


Detachment 


Hs. 


Horseshoer 




Dishon. 


Dishonorable 


HQ 


Headquarters 




Dist. 


District 


Hv.A 


Heavy Artillery 




Div. 


Divisions 








D/L 


Descriptive List 


Inc. 


Inclusive 




do 


ditto 


Inch 


Inclosure 




DS 


Detached Service 


IDE 


Infantry Drill 
tions 


Regula- 


E & A 


Enlistment and Assign- 


Ind. 


Indorsement 






ment 


Inf. 


Infantry 




ED 


Extra Duty 


I US p. 


Inspector 




Enl. 


Enlisted 


Int. 


Intelligence 





LIST OF USUAL ABBREVIATIONS 



115 



J. A. Judge Advocate 

K.P. Kitchen Police 

LA Light Artillery 

LD Line of Duty 

L. of C. Line of Communication 
Lt. Lieutenant 

Lt. {or Lieutenant 

Lieut.) Col. Colonel 

MA Mountain Artillery 

Maj. Major 

MC Medical Corps 

Mch. Mechanic 

Med. Medical 

MG Machine Gun 

MIGD Manual of Interior Guard 

Duty 

Mil. Military 

Mm. Marksman 

MMD Manual of the Medical 

Department 

Mo. Month 

MP Military Police 

Mr Master 

MRC Medical Reserve Corps 

mtd Mounted 

NCO Noncommissioned Officer 

NCOCQ Noncommissioned Officer 

in charge of quarters 
NCS Noncommissioned Staff 

Orders 

Office (O.C. of O. Office 

of the Chief of Ord- 
nance) 

Obs. Observer 

OD Olive Drab 



OD Ordnance Department 

O.P. Observation Patrol 

P Post; Patrol 

Par. Paragraph 

P.C. Command Post (French) 

pd. Paid 

PE Post Exchange 

PH Post Hospital 

PL Post Laundry 

Pon. Ponton 

PS Philippine Scouts 

Pvt. Private 

QMC Quartermaster Corps 

QMG Quartermaster General 

Qrs. Quarters 

Qual. Qualification 

R. Ration 

Reaptd. Reappointed 

Rd. Reduced 

Reenl. Reenlisted 

Regt. Regiment 

Regtl. Regimental 

Reld. Relieved 

relet With reference to letter 

retel With reference to tele- 
gram 

Res. Reserve 

Ret. Retired 

RO Regimental Orders 

RS Regular Supplies 

RSO Regimental Special Order 

Ry. Railways 

SA Small Arms 

SAFM Small Arms Firing 

Manual 

SbO Switchboard Operator 

SC Summary Court 



116 



MILITARY ENGLISH 



SCD Surgeon's Certificate for 

Discharge 

SD Special Duty 

s. d. Same date 

Sec. Section 

Sentd. Sentenced 

Sejp. Separate 

Sergt. Sergeant 

Sgt. Sergeant 

Sig. Signal 

Sig. Cps. Signal Corps 

SMP Submarine Mine Property 

SO Special Orders 

SOL " Soldier out of Luck " 

SOP Special Orders, Post 

S.P. Snipers Patrol 

Sp CM Special Court Martial' 

Sq. Squadron 

Sqd. Squad 

Ss. Sharpshooter 

Sub. Subsistence 

Tel. Telegraph 

T.M. Trench Mortar 

Tn. Train, in the following : 



Am. Tn. Ammunition train 

C. Tn. Combat train 

F. Tn. Field train 

Sn. Tn. Sanitary train 

Sp. Tn. Supply train 

T.P.S. Terrestrial Signal Panels 

Tr. Transfer 

TR Transportation Request 

V.B. Viven-Bessieres Rifla 

Grenade 

VC Veterinary Corps 

VOCO Verbal Order of the Com 
manding Officer 

{VO appears in combination with: 
BC Battery Commander 
CC Company Commander 
PC Post Commander 
RC Regimental Commander 
TC Troop Commander 

Vou. Voucher 

WD War Department 

Wrnt. Warrant 



For a Glossary of War Terms, French and English, see Lt. Col. Paul 
Azan, The War of Positions, Cambridge, 1917. 



Printed in the United States of America, 





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